第三讲：从句(下).doc

l 第3讲 从 句 （下）常见从句：状语从句、同位语从句、名词性从句、定语从句【翻译】 温度决定了热传递将朝哪个方向发生。The temperature decides which direction the heat transfer takes place in. 发电机所做的是把机械能转变成电能。What a generator does is to transform mechanical energy to electrical energy. 大小、方向、作用点就是我们所说的力的三要素。Magnitude, direction, and action spot are what are called the three elements of force.名词性从句1. 采用it形式主语的几种搭配1.1 it + 系表结构+ 主语从句 It is clear that the equation has two roots. The fact that the equation has two roots is clear. It is of interest that every function can be approximated by simple functions. It is still a mystery how that phenomenon was discovered. It seems likely that electric currents in the core of the earth are responsible for the observed geomagnetic field.1.2 it + 被动语态+ 主语从句 It is known that molecules are made up of atoms. It has not been discussed how the method is used here. It should be noted that Ohms law applies only to metallic conductors. It remains to be seen when this equation holds.类似常用句型有：It is well known / said/ reported/ believed/ seen / shown/ found+ 主从It must be remembered / pointed out/ noted/ emphasized + 主从1. 3 It +不及物动词 +主语从句 It does not matter that in which order two numbers are added. It follows that there are 2 radians in one complete rotation. At first glance it does not appear that this integral fits any of the forms presented up to this point. It turns out that the speed of radio waves is the same as that of light.2. What从句2.1 疑问代词用法 We must know what distance the detected object is at. It is necessary for us to determine what diameter an aluminum wire must have in this case. We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function. Now we can determine what the intensity of the electric field is at that point.2.2 “.的内容/东西”，复合关系代词用法： What this paper describes is worth reading. A computer can do what it has been told to do. What we need is an oscilloscope. Energy is what brings changes to materials. This is what takes place in metallic conductor. The turning of the earth on its own axis is what makes the changes from day to night. It must be clear from what we have learnt that man is much more intellectual than a machine. In what follows, we use t to present time.常见的what 句型：What is desired is What has been discussed/ described above is What should be pointed out / emphasized/ noted/ + is 2.3 “所谓的，通常所说的”calledtermed named What is +described as + 补足语known asreferred to asspoken of as What we call a machine is really a kind of tool that can do work for man. In 1895, a German physicist discovered what is now known as X rays. Late in 1947, they discovered what is later named the “transistor” effect. Sending a signal from one place to another is what is called transmission. Energy can be transmitted from one point to another by means of what is called “wave motion”.2.4 “现在或原来的样子、状态、情况和数值”等 These factories are quite different from what they were. In this case, the magnetic induction is 5,500 times what it was. On the surface of the moon, the gravitational force on a body is only 1/6 what it is here on the earth. This makes C+ what it is today.【常用句型归纳】1. 我们成功地succeeded in doing We havebeen successful in doingsuccessfully doneWe have been successful in decreasing the hardware requirement for the sampling network.2. 最好是 It is (most) desirable to do It is (most ) desirable that It would be best if It is desirable that the systems input/output rate should be satisfied with an oscillation frequency as low as possible.3. 前面的表明: The previous/ proceeding/ foregoing example /experiment/ analysis/ shows The foregoing experiments show that the sparse ratio of the resulted matrix is as high as 40%.4. 本文对.做了研究、分析 A study/ An analysis has been made of An analysis has been made of the designing ways and structure of the system, and a study has also been made of the model testing.【课后作业1】中翻英，划线部分用名词性从句1. 现在有待查明该等式何时成立。Now it remains to be determined / be found out when the equation holds.2. 采用哪种观点无关紧要。It does not matter which point of view is adopt.it is a matter of no difference which point of view is taken.3. 该误差有多大取决于几个因素。How large this error is depends on serveral factors.4. 偶尔速度接近零。it happens that the velocity approaches zero.5. 一切物质均有质量，现在已经是一个众所周知的事实。it has been a well known fact that all matters/substances have mass.6. 这似乎是造成该差别的原因。（划线部分用what从句）It seems to be what makes this difference.7. 这类似于图2中的情况。(划线部分用what从句)It is similar to what is illustrated/ shown in Fig. 2.8. 使自行车成为今天这个样子花了很长时间（划线部分用what从句）It took a long time to make the bicyclebecome what it is (like) today.9. 所谓绝对零度就是零下273.1oC。（划线部分用what从句）What is called / named/ termed /spoke of as / known as/ referred to as /described as absolute zero is the temperature 273.1oC below zero.10. 这个方向与假设的方向相反。（划线部分用what从句）This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.Topic 3： attributive clause 定语从句1. 一般情况 The instrument that can be used to measure current, voltage and resistance is called a multimeter. Nobody has been able to explain why protoplasm has that characteristic which we call life. Here we have used a ring on whose surface (= on the surface of which) the wire is wound. A right triangle is the triangle two of whose sides (= two of the sides of which) are perpendicular to each other. A target is the object whose position is to be determined. That relation can be written as S =vt, where v and t present speed and time respectly. The circulatory system is the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body tissues.2. 正确选择“介词+which”结构中的介词l 依据先行词 This is the reason for which that instrument is used here. (for the reason) This depends on the ease with which the fluid flows. (with ease= easily) The area over which the viscous force acts is A=2rL . (over the area) We can find out the current at which the output power is a maximum. (at the current) l 依据从句中的动词、形容词 The elements of which air consists are many. ( consist of ) This is the process for which the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy holds.( hold for) The wavelength to which the eye is most sensitive is 5.5* 10-5 cm. ( be sensitive to) Copper is one of the metals with which we are most familiar. ( be familiar with)总结：根据先行词，或句中的动词、形容词、名词，或整个语句要表达的意思来选择合适的介词+whichpressuremethodfrequency procedurethetemperature at which theprocessby which rateschemeheightmeansthe care/ skill/ ease/ rapidity/ difficulty/ efficiency/ accuracy/ precision with which3. 引导词用that而不用which的情况：l 先行词为不定代词，或者 被序数词、形容词最高级或only/ no/ very/ any等副词修饰时 All that one need do is push the button. This is the most expensive device that there is in the laboratory. The first thing that will be done is to measure the voltage. This is the only measure that we can take. Anything that is hot radiates heat. In this way the inserted meter will not affect the very thing that we wish to measure.4. 引导词的省略l 在time、reason、way、distance、direction、amount、number of times等之后省略”介词+which”或“that”。 f(x) represents the distance the object is from the lems. By “gain” is meant the number of times an amplifier amplifies signals. This coefficient is used to measure the amount a solod will expand when heated. This diagram shows the way the current changes with time. Radar is an instrument that measures the distance of a target by measuring the time a radio echo takes to return to the source.l 关系代词which做从句的动词宾语或介词宾语, 可省略which。 These are the kinds of grammatical structures and sentence patterns scientists prefer. Each CPU has a very elementary set of functions it knows how to perform. In this case the power in the load will be the maximum the source is capable of supplying. Power is the rate work is done at. The resistance resistance of a conductor also depends on the subtences it is ma