初中英语语法.docVIP

初中英语语法 名词性从句中的易错点名词性从句中的易错点 （一）that引导的定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如： Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago. 解析：在句中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。（二）名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点 1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如： Its a pity that he dont come to give a speech.（形式主语） We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语） 2）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it. 例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. 3）动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it. 例如： I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 4）短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时，必须冠以形式宾语it. 例如： Im counting on it that you will come. Shell see to it that he goes ahead. 注：作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.冠词的用法冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： 1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly. 2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day. 4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age. 5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法： 1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s 11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法： 1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.非谓语动词总结非谓语动词用法归纳非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有倾向 propose提议seek找，寻觅 try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避cant stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.冠 词冠 词【要点点拨】一不定冠词中的主要用法：1.表“一个”“每一个”（=per）“某一个”（=a certain / some）,如: eight hours a day; a Mr. Smith2.a / an +抽象名词表示具体的人或物（如：a pleasure / success / failure/ comfort / shame等）;a / an +某些物质名词表示 “一阵” “一份”等,如: a heavy rain;3. a / an +有些名词= the same+ n. 如: The students standing there are of an age (= of the same age.)二定冠词的主要用法:（一）1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词);2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中;（二）1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前: the universe; the sun; the moon; He invented the wheel;2.乐器名词前: play the violin;3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按”: by the dozen / yard / hour;4.与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人): the old / sick / Chinese;（三）1.用于姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人: the Browns2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代” : in the 1990s（四）1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前： the Yellow Sea; the English Channel; the Rocky Mountains;2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前：the Song Dynasty ; the World Trade Center; the Peoples Daily; the Times;（五）1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:my first visit to the Great Wall) ;2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级): He is the taller of the twins;3.句型”the+比较级,the+比较级”中:The higher you stand, the farther youll see.三不用冠词的场合:（一）1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时);2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:in winter / in the winter of 2000 ; on Sunday / on a Sunday in May);3.三餐饭前(比较:have lunch / have a big lunch);4.球类或棋类名词前(play cards / chess);5.表示学科的名词前;6.by+交通工具的名词前(by car =in a car);7.表示节假日的名词前(但:the Mid-Autumn Festival或可说成Mid-Autumn Day);（二）1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略);2.指家中雇佣的cook, nurse, teacher等时不用冠词并且大写:He was made monitor of our class; Whats the matter, Grandpa?主谓语一致主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one , nothing ,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neither of the two sentences is correct .Everything around us is matter .(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)None of them owns/own a car .Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2 ：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Five minutes is enough .Four hundred francs is a lot of money .3：each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary .No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。To say something is one thing , to do it is another .（to say something , to do 是不定式）“How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do ?是句子，作主语）(注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)What we need is more time ,while what they need are more doctors and medicines .5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。One and half bananas is left on the table .6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month .Bread and butter is my usual breakfast .7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city .8：名词由and 或both and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .介词【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。He hasnt come for a month .(for 持续时间)The day is warm for April .（for 就而言）B. 要突破几个关键介词in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .1 . 表示时间的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over3表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;4 表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;5. 表示关于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;6. 表示根据：on ; according to ;7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的区别8between 和among9besides ;except ; but ;except for10in 和withC. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc.2. 与on 有关的：mercy , congratulations3. 与at有关的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;4. 与of 有关的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ;5. 与with 有关的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;6. 与to 有关的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;7. 与for 有关的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;8. 与from 有关的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .主谓语一致讲解主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one , nothing ,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neither of the two sentences is correct .Everything around us is matter .(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)None of them owns/own a car .Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2 ：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Five minutes is enough .Four hundred francs is a lot of money .3：each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary .No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。To say something is one thing , to do it is another .（to say something , to do 是不定式）“How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do ?是句子，作主语）(注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)What we need is more time ,while what they need are more doctors and medicines .5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。One and half bananas is left on the table .6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month .Bread and butter is my usual breakfast .7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city .8：名词由and 或both and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .英语中的省略在英语中，为了避免重复，句子中的某些部分经常省略，给考生的理解增加了困难。在近几年的NMET中，省略现象十分常见，为帮助考生更好地迎战高考，现对省略现象总结如下:一、并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。1. This beeper works well，but that one doesnt (work well).这个寻呼机工作正常，但那个就不行。2. All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units，some (of them) (weigh) 235 units，and some (of them) (weigh) 238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。二、在when，while，if，as if，though(或although)，as，until，once，wheth er，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。1. When (water is) pure，water is a colorless liquid.水纯净时，是无色的液体。2. When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.我困难时总是找她帮助。3. Errors，if any，should be corrected.如果有什么错误，就应当改正。(if后省略了there are)4. Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning.木头燃烧时，它放出很多烟。5. The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.这封信留在这里待领。6. Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。7. She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak.她尽管体弱，但学习仍十分努力。三、当见到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast a s，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)。1. Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book.如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。2. When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something.必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。四、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。1. It seems (或appears) (that) Joe is out，not Jack.外出不在的似乎是乔，不是杰克。2. It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。3. Its a pity (that) you cant operate a computer.很遗憾，你不会操作计算机。4. It is the third time (that) I have come to China.这是我第三次来中国。五、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。1. That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。六、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that，which，in which。1. The direction (in which) we move a bod