中石油职称英语16版选读第15课知识点整理及习题.doc

中石油职称英语网培训班材料15. Conventional Petroleum Reservoir 1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas, and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into four stages:1油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下渗透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段： 1) With burial of plankton, algae and other protein rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation of sand, the buried material heats up at 500C to 700C.1)浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。 2) High temperature, combined with pressure, triggers a cooking process.2) 地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。 3) Eventually, the buried residue transforms into liquid hydrocarbons. 3)最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。 4) Later on they migrate from the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped in impermeable layers of rock.4)然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。 2. Oil Reservoir. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases because of the variance in their gravities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section.2油藏。油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。 3. Although the structural traps in which oil accumulates exist in various forms, the oil usually occurs in association with gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zone. The proportion of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than the proportion of water to oil. However, while some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water. Where a considerable volume of water does underlie the oil in the same sedimentary bed it is referred to as the aquifer, and being under pressure also, it contributes to the total energy of the reservoir. 3聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。水与油之比通常约为10%30%。水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为“含水层”。而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。 4. The oil itself, when under pressure, contains an appreciable quantity of dissolved gas. The actual amount of gas will be governed by the pressure and temperature inside the reservoir, and the oil is said to be saturated if it cannot dissolve any more gas under these particular pressure and temperature conditions. On the other hand, the oil is said to be undersaturated if it could dissolve more gas at the same pressure and temperature. In many cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of holding in solution. This extra gas being lighter than the oil, will have formed a gas cap above the oil accumulation. If the pressure of a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason, gas will come out of solution, and this is an important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir.4在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气项”。如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。5. The reservoir crude may range from a very heavy viscous oil, containing little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure, to an extremely light, thin, straw-colored oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable pressure. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less viscous an oil is,and the more gas it has in it, the more readily will it flow through the interstices of the rock into the bottom of the well. The interstices of the whole of the reservoir rock were originally occupied by salt water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock, it displaced the salt water from it. Not all of the salt water was displaced, however, and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil. This remaining water is called connate water or interstitial water, and has to be taken into account when working out the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock. 5储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。石油的粘度大致取决于密度，同时在很大程度上也取决于溶解气的多少。石油粘度越小，溶解的天然气就越多，也就越容易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。储集岩的孔隙原先都是充满盐水的。当石油运移到岩层上部时，油就把盐水置换出来。然而，并不是全部盐水都会被置换的，总有一定数量的盐水和石油一起留存在岩石的孔隙里。这些残留的水称为“原生水”或者“隙间水”。在估算储油岩中的石油含量时，必须考虑原生水的存在。6. Gas Reservoir and Gas Condensate Reservoir. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. 6气藏和凝析气藏。除了以溶解气或气顶的形式存在外，气也可以独立存在，这就叫做气藏。大部分情况下，气藏中还会有一些伴生盐水和油。7. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually found at great depth, produce substantial quantities of liquid petroleum along with the gas. This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production. The liquid fraction is known ascondensate and the type of reservoir is known as a gas condensate reservoir. 7某些通常位于地层深处的高压高温气藏，在生产天然气的同时还生产相当数量的液态石油。这种液态石油并非产生于独立的油层，而是呈气态存在于地下气藏中的。气藏中的这部分天然气，在生产过程中因压力下降而凝结，成为液态即“凝析油”，这种类型的气藏就是通常所说的“凝析气藏”。8. As the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a result of production, the gas will start to precipitate the condensate partly in the reservoir and partly in the well bore. This complex phenomenon, which is the reverse of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as retrograde condensation.8 .当凝析气藏的压力因为开采而下降时，会有一部分天然气在气藏里凝聚，还有一部分在井筒里凝聚。因为通常在温度、压力不是很高的条件下发生的情况正好相反（气体会从油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），所以，这种复杂的现象叫做“反转凝析”。9. Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical proposition. If, therefore, the reservoir is being produced for the sake of its condensate only it is important to prevent retrograde condensation taking place in the reservoir. This is achieved by maintaining the pressure of the reservoir by re-injecting or cycling the produced gas back into the reservoir after the condensate liquid has been extracted from it at the surface. Alternatively, if the dry gas has a ready sale, the reservoir pressure can be maintained by water injection. Gas recovery as such is, unlike oil, not improved sufficiently by water displacement to justify the expense of such an operation. 9.在气藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油将停留在原地，想要开采出来是不大可能的。因此，如果确实仅仅是为了获得凝析油而开采这个气藏，防止在地下发生反转凝析就很重要。可以通过保持气藏压力做到这一点，方法是把地面上脱去凝析液的气体再度注入气藏，也称为“干气回注”。如果干气准备销售，可以改用注水的办法维持气藏压力。和注水驱油情况不同，用注水提高天然气采收率的作法尚不十分完善，结果往往得不偿失。 参考译文：常规油气藏 1油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下渗透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段： 1)浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。 2)地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。 3)最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。 4)然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。 2油藏。油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。 3聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。水与油之比通常约为10%30%。水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为“含水层”。而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。 4在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气项”。如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。 5储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。石油的粘度大致取决于密度，同时在很大程度上也取决于溶解气的多少。石油粘度越小，溶解的天然气就越多，也就越容易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。储集岩的孔隙原先都是充满盐水的。当石油运移到岩层上部时，油就把盐水置换出来。然而，并不是全部盐水都会被置换的，总有一定数量的盐水和石油一起留存在岩石的孔隙里。这些残留的水称为“原生水”或者“隙间水”。在估算储油岩中的石油含量时，必须考虑原生水的存在。 6气藏和凝析气藏。除了以溶解气或气顶的形式存在外，气也可以独立存在，这就叫做气藏。大部分情况下，气藏中还会有一些伴生盐水和油。 7某些通常位于地层深处的高压高温气藏，在生产天然气的同时还生产相当数量的液态石油。这种液态石油并非产生于独立的油层，而是呈气态存在于地下气藏中的。气藏中的这部分天然气，在生产过程中因压力下降而凝结，成为液态即“凝析油”，这种类型的气藏就是通常所说的“凝析气藏”。 8 .当凝析气藏的压力因为开采而下降时，会有一部分天然气在气藏里凝聚，还有一部分在井筒里凝聚。因为通常在温度、压力不是很高的条件下发生的情况正好相反（气体会从油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），所以，这种复杂的现象叫做“反转凝析”。 9.在气藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油将停留在原地，想要开采出来是不大可能的。因此，如果确实仅仅是为了获得凝析油而开采这个气藏，防止在地下发生反转凝析就很重要。可以通过保持气藏压力做到这一点，方法是把地面上脱去凝析液的气体再度注入气藏，也称为“干气回注”。如果干气准备销售，可以改用注水的办法维持气藏压力。和注水驱油情况不同，用注水提高天然气采收率的作法尚不十分完善，结果往往得不偿失。词组：1. be divided into 被分成2. combined with 与.结合3. transform into 转变成，形成4. later on 后来，随后5. migrate from 移居，迁移6. get trapped in 被困在7. occur in 发生于，存在8. exist in 存在于9. an amount of 一些数量的10. be referred to 涉及到，被提及11. contribute to 有助于；捐献12. in many cases 在很多情况下13. range from （范围）从.到.14. take into account 考虑到，顾及到15. work out 解决，算出16. in addition to 除.之外语法：1、 although引导的让步状语从句1. Although the structural traps in which oil accumulates exist in various forms, the oil usually occurs in association with gas and salt water. （其中包含一个定语从句）2、 时间状语从句1. However, while some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water.2. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution.3、 定语从句1. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution.2. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually found at great depth, produce substantial quantities of liquid petroleum along with the gas.3. This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production.4. This complex phenomenon, which is the reverse of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as retrograde condensation.5. Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical proposition.课后题：1、 简答题1. Whats the three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs?2. What are the difference about three fluids?3. What is the relationship between oil and water in paragraph 3?4. What is the state of “saturated”?5. What is the important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir?6. What is gas Reservoir?7. How does the retrograde condensation come?2、 词汇单选题1. The following few rules _ the secret of correct book-keeping.A. contain B. maintain C. obtain D. sustain 2. A nation of immigrants is more _ than say, Chinese society. A. applicable B. considerable C. permeable D. available3. Some areas of disagreement have also been _ over the course of the century.A. continuous B. nervous C. obvious D. enormous4. This method of manufacture evolved out of a long _ of trial. A. access B. process C. proceed D. progress 5. We are optimistic that the situation would even out _ .A. separately B. actually C. individually D. eventually6. So a lot hangs on whether the _ between gene and disease is real. A. achievement B. association C. assessment D. accomplishment7. However, the _ of sea protected will still be less than half that on land.A. exhibition B. disposition C. proportion D. operation8. I feel that that period in my life was _ valuable.A. absolutely B. frequently C. merely D. extremely9. _ if you are out of work and have some spare time, why not volunteer?A. occasionally B. alternatively C. sufficiently D. approximatelycombination migrate dominant quantity condition factor complex expensetransform into get trapped in be referred to contribute to range from in addition to3、 选词填空A、 单词填空1. She bought fame at the _ of her happiness and health.2. You can use these clauses in any _ to achieve the desired effect. 3. Taobao is _ in China but has little consumer reach outside the country.4. In production, we demand not only _ but also quality.5. These workers _ from country to country in search of work.6. This important _ was scanted by most of us.7. We have to stay with the film in such a _. B、词组填空1. We might _ our circumstances genuinely believing there is no other way.2. Your claim should _ the insurance company. 3. It has representation in the Danish Parliament _ its own local government.4. But if you fail to strike the balance then it would _ another problem.5. But science can only effectively _ these if it remains as open as possible.6. Estimates of the total cost _ $11 billion to as high as $100 billion. 4、 课文填空1. With burial of plankton, algae and other p_ rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a s_ rock, and c_ accumulation of sand, the buried m_ heats up at 500C to 700C.2. Although the structural traps in which oil a_ e_ in various forms, the oil usually occurs in a_ with gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zone. The p_ of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is f_ lower than the proportion of water to oil.3. A_, if the dry gas has a ready sale, the reservoir pressure can be maintained by water injection. Gas r_ as such is, unlike oil, not improved s_ by water displacement to justify the e_ of such an operation.4. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons c_ in p_, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a c_ of these.5、 语法挑错题1. However, where some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water.2. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas what it holds in solution.3. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks been limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these.4. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas, and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided on four stages. 5. Also the st