中学语法解难.doc

中学英语疑点A.形容词与副词形容词1. 形容词的位置修饰差不多的，字节少的在前（a small but beautiful room）Thosethree-beautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodentable限定-序数-基数-描绘大小- 新旧-颜色材料国籍2. 作表语的联系动词De,become,go,grown,get,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain3只能作表语的形容词a.表示身体的形容词 Well,ill,faint,contentb.以a-开头的形容词afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive4.以-ly 结尾的形容词Friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely5.不能用于疑问句与否定句的形容词词组Plenty of,a lot of副词1. 表示不确定的时间副词放在行为动词之前，助动词之后Always,often,rarely2. 副词修饰名词，在名词之后The person there is looking for you.3. 副词与介词构成的词组，介词在后Theres the house,right in front of you.4. 修饰全句的副词置于句首（perhaps,truly）Truly he will go to Hongkong.5. 副词的作用宾语补足语 Let the dog out.定语 The building there looks very grand.表语 Time is up.状语 I worked in Beijing almost for three years.6. Before 泛指“以前”，不用agoWe never met them before.7两种形式的副词Closely 仔细、密切地，nearly，loudly,deeply 抽象意义的深，highly 高度地，lately 近来，hardly ,freely 无拘无束地8.Much 与very 的区别Much 用于比较级，very 用于原级，very much 用于修饰动词，在修饰表语时英国与美国有区别 very afraid (美国)，如果在不能判断时用much 更为妥当。9.already,yet,still区别Already(已发生)，yet (期待发生)，still(正在进行，多用于肯定句)Have you met Mr Fang yet? Have you already met Mr Fang ?(你竟然-，出乎意料)10.quite ,rather用在带有形容词名词和不带形容词名词前有区别They are rather a strong team. They area rather team.11.cant-too的特殊意义You cant be too careful in doing these exercises.形容词与副词的比较级1. 单音节加more 的词 real ,glad ,fond, tired, pleased2. 用more 或-er都可以 Cruel, often,strict,friendly3. 以-or 结尾的词用toInferior,superior,senior,prior,majior,minorHe is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.4. 无比较级的词Excellent,extreme,perfect,favourite,total,only,single,entireB.情态动词1.could 表示请求时不用肯定句Could I open the door? Yes,you can. No,Im afraid not.2.表示能力 can 可用 be able to 代替，在已经形成的能力不用couldHe was able to go to the party yesterday.3. might 比may 委婉(日常用can)，否定回答用cant,mustntMay I take this book out? No,you cant. No, you mustnt.Might I use your pen? No,you mustnt. May you succeed!4. 情态动词need仅用于否定句和疑问句，肯定句中用must,have to, ought to,should5. Dare 也不用于肯定句，但可用于条件句How dare you say I am unfair!6. 实义动词dare 在否定句和疑问句中可省略 toI wondered if he dared (to) say that.7.在美国英语中ought to在否定与疑问句中可省略toYou oughtnt (to) smoke so much！ Ought you smoke so much?8.should 在疑问句中可代替ought to9.情态动词完成式的意义1).Can（could）you have done- ? 本来可以做而为做,问表示不肯定。You could have done better ,but you dont try your best.He cant have been to that town.2).may (might) have done表示对过去行为的推测He may not have finished the work.3).must have done肯定句表示想必You must have seen the film.否定句的完成时可用cant 代替4).neednt have done表示不必做而做了You neednt have watered the flowers,for its going to rain.I didnt need to clean the windows, my sister did it.(没有做)5）。Should have done -本来应该做而未做You have started earlier ,but you didnt.6）.will have done 表示推测，用与第二、第三人称He will have arrived by now.7).ought to have done-过去应该做而未做You ought to have done (should) helped him.(But you didnt.)8).had better (had best 同意，很少用)不可用于长辈C非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）1.不定式：无人称与数的变化，有时态语态的变化，逻辑主语常用for 的结构2.不定式做主语、宾语、表语时常用it代替，不定式放在补足语之后I find it interesting to study English.3.省to的动词（后接不定式做补足语）Feel,hear,listen to,look at ,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make4不及物动词做定语，所修饰的词是不定式的动作的地点工具是名词或代词时要用介词Please give me a knife to cut with.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.如果所修饰的词是time ,place ,way习惯上省介词He had no money and no place to live (in).5. 所修饰的词是不定式的动作承受者，用主动与被动有不同意义Have you anything to send?(动作的执行者是you)Have you anything to be sent?(动作的执行者是me or someone else)6).不定式做状语目的in order to,so as to-I come here (in order) to see you.原因 ：We were very excited to hear the news.条件：To look at him,you should like him.结果：so-as to,enought to,only to,too-to,He hurried to the school to find nobody there.He lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet.7).tooto 结构表示肯定意义Anxious,delighted,eager,easy,glad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willingShe was too surprised to see how angry her father was.8).在not,never,only,all,but结构中tooto 中的too表示veryIts never too late to learn.Im only too glad to stay at home.9).不定式做独立结构:to be frank,to be exact,to begin with,to make a long story short, to tell the truthTo tell the truth, I dont agree with you.10).不定式与wh-word 连用与why ,why not 连用省to,且用于开头Why worry about it?Why not have a rest?11).不定式的时态a).一般时：与主句谓语动词动作同时发生或之后发生b).进行时：表示正在进行,有时也表示将来He is believed to be coming.c).完成时，表示其动作在谓语动作之前He is believed to have come.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.d).在有些词后加不定式完成式表示过去没实现的计划：intended,expected,promised,hoped,wanted,wished,thoughtI hoped to have finished the work earlier.e).在seem,appear,think,consider,believe后加不定式完成时表示该动作在先He seems to have bought the new book.It seems that he has bought the new book.12).不定式的被动语态，表示不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者He had to shout to be heard.Its great honour to be invited to the party.a).当所修饰的词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系，用主动结构Have you got a key to unlook the door?b).所修饰的词与不定式构成动宾关系，又和主语构成主谓关系，用主动结构I know what to do.He needs a room to live in.I have a letter to write.* I know what is to be done.(what是动作的承受者也是其逻辑主语)c).作表语形容词的状语，且与主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，用主动结构The book is difficult to understand.He is hard to talk to.如果强调受事者，也可用被动结构 The handwriting is very difficult to be read.The box is too heavy to be lifted.d).在there be 句中主动式考虑必须有人做，被动式考虑事情本身必须有人完成There is a lot of work to do.(sb has to do the work)There is a lot of work to be done.(the work has to be done)There is nothing to do.(无聊)There is nothing to be done.(无法做)13).不带to 的不定式a).would rather,would sooner,had rather,had soonerthanI know better than do such a thing.(我不至于蠢到这种地步做这种事)b).在cant but,cant choose)but ,cant help but 之后I cant but admire his courage.c)在why,why not 之后d).前面行为动词是do 的不同形式，后接介词but,except,desides不带to ,否则有toShe could do noting but cry.What do you like to do desides swim?I have no choice but to accept the fact.e).避免重复Im really puzzled what to think or say.f).固定搭配let fly,make believe(假装),make do(凑合)，hear say,go hang14).Its-for sb与of sb to do 结构的区别（of 表示人的个性，for 表示事物性质）D动名词1做主语：动名词一般表示抽象或多次行为，不定式则表示具体或一次性的动作。Its no use arguing with him.To play with fire will be dangerous.Playing with fire is dangerous.在Its no good (use ,useless) 结构中只用-ing 形式2做表语和宾语Her job is teaching.He is fond of playing football.3.一些必须后接动名词的动词Admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feel like,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice,put off ,resist,risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand4.后接动名词和动词不定式均可，但意义不同Forget,go on, like,mean(to do 打算、ing 意味着),regret,stop,remmber,try5动词结构v. +sb to do sth 或 v. +doing sth: Allow, advise,forbid,permitWe dont allow students to smoke here.We dont allow smoking here.6. 动词结构 V. doing sth 或V. to be done :require, need,wantThe windows want cleaning.The windows want to be cleaned.7. 动词后接 to do 或 doing无明显区别（但动名词多泛指，不定式多有所指）Love,like,hate,prefer,deserve,intend8. 动词口语中多为不定式，书面语多为动名词Start,begin,continue9.有些词组后面有to 的介词，要用ingBe used to,pay attention to,in addition to,be equal to,lead to10.复合动名词a.动名词的逻辑主语是有生命的名词，这个动名词在主语中其逻辑主语用所有格，如做宾语名词用普通格、代词用宾格Toms coming is what we have expected.His coming is what we expected.She didnt mind Jack coming late.She didnt mind him coming late.b.动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的，只用名词普通格Is there any hope of our team winning the macth?c.指示代词和不定代词只能用普通格She was disturbed by somedody shouting outside.11.动名词的时代和语态a.一般式：His coming will be of great help to us.b.完成式：表示其动作在谓语动作之前Im sorry for not having kept my promise.c. 被动语态：He likes being helped.(但在require,need,want be worth后接动名词表示被动意义)E现在分词 a.主动语态Being a student,he was interested in books.Having studied in the university for 8 years,he knows the city very well.b.被动语态Having been criticized by the teacher,Liming gave up smoking.The question being dicussed is important.F.过去分词:表示在谓语之前的动作，有被动的含义，没有完成式The cleaned desks are still very durty.G.分词的用法1.做主语：单个分词置于所修饰的词之前，如是词组则放在其后Pollutted air and water are harmful to our health.The man standing at the window is our teacher.如果两个动作有先后，则不用现在分词用从句The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.2.作状语The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.要求分词的主语要与句子的主语一致，如果不一致则分词必须带有其逻辑主语，表示时间也可以用while,when引导Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.3.作表语The news is inspiring.You shouldnt stand up if you are badly hurt.4.宾语补足语We saw the teacher making the experiment.H.全倒装句1.There be 结构2.在here +不及物动词+主语结构中（像这样的词有there,now,then）或以out,in ,up, down ,away 副词开头的句子（表示强调）Out went the children.Now comes your turn.There goes the bell.但当这种结构中代词做主语其主谓语序不改变(半倒装)Here it is.Here you are.In he comes.3.句首为地点状语From the valley came a frightening sound.South of the city lies a big steel factorey.4.在表语开头的句子中（包括分词或介词短语加联系动词加主语的结构）Adjective +link v.+ subject: Present at the meeting were Tom and Jack.Participle + link v.+ subject:Gone are the days when they could study at school.Preposition phrase + link v.+ subject:Among the goods are Christmas trees,flowers,candles and toys.5.以so,neither,nor开头重复前句部分内容He cant do it. Neither can I.He has been to Beijing. So have I.*David has made great progress. So he does and so have you.（so 简略句用法）I部分倒装句1.疑问句Do you speak English?2.虚拟条件句，句首if 被省略Had you reviewed your lessen,you might have passed the examination.3.形容词（名词、动词）+as(though)让步状语从句Try as he would, he might fail again.Pretty as she is,she isnt clever.在这种结构中如表语是名词不可用冠词，如主语太长也可全倒装Child as he was,he had to make a living.Difficult as was the chemistry homework,it was finished in time.4.用于no noonerthan,hardly-when,not until句中Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.No sooner had he gone out than the telephone rang.5.用于never 等开头的句中（at no time,many a time,little）Little did he know who the woman was.7. 用于only 开头的句中Only in this way can you master English.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.如果only 后面不是状语就不用倒装Only Wangling knows this.8. 引语中某某说如果是名词倒装，代词不倒装9. 在祝愿句中May you succeed!J否定句1.部分否定 Not ,and,both,all,many,everyHe is not rich and kind.(He is rich but he is not knd.)He cant read and write.(He can read but he cant write.)Not every girl likes computer games.Not many poeple like ball games.2.否定前移Think ,believe,expect,imagine,soppose(that clause 的否定)I cant imagine that he is such a leader.K.反意问句1.had better(hadnt -)2.used to (didnt or usednt)3.ought to (oughtnt he? 在正式文体中ought he not? Or should he not? Shouldnt he?)4.must 表示推测不可用mustnt,而是根据后接不定式时态而定He must have come back,hasnt he?You must be tired,arent you?5.must 表示必要时用needntYou must take the money with you,neednt you?7. 表示禁止时用mustYou mustnt park here,must you?8. must have done(有过去时间状语用didnt,表示强调完成用havent)You must have seen the film,havent you?He must have met her yesterday,didnt he?9. 否定词才表示否定句，而词的否定前缀不表示否定句He seldom sees a film,does he?He is unhappy,isnt he?10. 不定代词 everyone,someone,no one用arent they? Isnt he?No one was hurt ,werent they?Everyone knows their job,dont they?Everyone knows his job,doesnt he?11.Im -,arent I?12.主语one正式文体用one,非正式用you,而that, this（it），these, those(they)One cant be too careful,can you? can one?13.否定前置I dont believe she knows it ,does she?14.感叹句的附加部分为否定一般现在时What a lovely day,isnt it?15.前后均为肯定a.谓语wish疑问may 的肯定式I wish to go home now,may I?b.祈使句Lets go home,shall we?Let us clean the blackboard,will you?(Please allow us to clean the -)Have a glass of water ,will you?c.表示讥讽So thats little trick,is it?d.表示怀疑，需要对方证实Your bike is outside,is it?L.虚拟语气1.表示与现在事实相反 If +s+didwere ,s+ wouldshould doIf he had time ,he would attend the meeting.If I were you,I should give him a lesson.2.与过去事实相反 If+ s+ had done,s+would have done.If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.3.与将来事实相反If+ s+ did(were, were to do,should do,s+would do )(第一人称也可用should do)If it were to(should) rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.4.主从句时间不一致，结构也作相应调整If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.5.If 被省略Were+s+-,Had+s+-,Should+s+-,Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.Were I in school again,I would work harder.6.介词短语代替条件句But for the rain,we should have a pleasant journey.Without air,there would be no living things.7.用于宾语从句a.wish:I wish we had arrived there 2 hours earlier.（过去）I wish it were spring all the year round.（现在）I wish you could go with us.（将来）8.在下列词引导的从句中用should doArrange,command,demand,desire,order,propose,request,require,suggestT