医学微生物课件__绪论.doc

Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University PREFACE of Medical Microbiology Hong-Xi Gu, Prof. 问题 什么是微生物？ 微生物包括哪些种类？ 微生物学和医学微生物学 微生物学简史 微生物学现状与远景 什么是微生物？ 微生物是众多个体微小、结构简单、肉眼不可见的微小生物的总称。 微生物的种类：（三型八大类） 真核细胞型微生物：真菌 原核细胞型微生物：细菌、支原体、立体次体、螺旋体、衣原体、放线菌 非细胞结构型微生物：病毒 微生物与寄生虫的区别 相似：形态微小，需显微镜下观察 区别：微生物以单细胞为单元，没有器官；而寄生虫是多细胞生物，有组织和器官 真核细胞型微生物 细胞核的分化程度较高，有核膜、核仁和染色体，胞浆内有完整的细胞器，行有丝分裂。本书只介绍真菌，包括单细胞的酵母和多细胞的霉菌。 原核细胞型微生物 细胞的分化程度较低，仅有原始的核，无核仁和核膜。胞浆内无完整的细胞器，如细菌、衣原体、支原体、立克次体、放线菌、螺旋体。 非细胞结构型微生物 无细胞结构，由核心和蛋白质核壳组成。核心中只有RNA或DNA一种核酸，包括病毒以及结构更简单的亚病毒。 ?微生物与人类的关系 非常密切：人体内存在大量微生物 有益：工业应用、体内正常菌群（Vb） 有害：致病，病原微生物（pathogenic microbes）。? 微生物学与医学微生物学 医学微生物学只研究对人类致病的微生物及其生命活动规律，只涵盖了微生物学的很小一部分 医学微生物学发展简史 1600 1700 1800 1900 1677: Observed little animals Antony Leewenhoek (1632-1723) 1796: First scientific Small pox vaccination Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Edward Jenner (1749-1823), after training in London and a period as an army surgeon, spent his whole career as a country doctor in his native county of Gloucestershire in the West of England. His research was based on careful case-studies and clinical observation more than a hundred years before scientists could explain the viruses themselves. So successful did his innovation prove that by 1840 the British government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox. Vaccination, the word Jenner invented for his treatment (from the Latin vacca, a cow), was adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease. In the eighteenth century, before Jenner, smallpox was a killer disease, as widespread as cancer or heart disease in the twentieth century but with the difference that the majority of its victims were infants and young children. In 1980, as a result of Jenners discovery, the World Health Assembly officially declared the world and its peoples free from endemic smallpox. 1850: Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) Ignaz Semmelweis, a young Hungarian doctor working in the obstetrical ward of Vienna General Hospital in the late 1840s 1861: Disproved spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) 1862: Supported Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur 1885: First Rabies vaccination Louis Pasteur: Treatment and Prevention of Rabies Louis Pasteur discovered the method for the attenuation of virulent microorganism that is the basis of vaccination. He developed vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas. After mastering his method of vaccination, he applied this concept to rabies. On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested his pioneering rabies treatment on man for the first time : the young Joseph Meister was saved. 1867: Practiced antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Joseph Lister has contributed much to our understanding of the causes of disease. He was born in 1827 in Upton, England. He attended London and Edinburgh Universities. He accepted a position at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary after graduation. At the beginning of his career he studied the coagulation of blood in injuries and surgical wounds. He noted that there was a very high incidence of infection in wounds, in spite of efforts to keep rooms clean. In his efforts to reduce bacteria, he began to spray carbolic acid on surgical instruments, on wounds, and surgical dressings. He reduced surgical mortality to 15% by the year 1860. His work with antiseptics met with initial resistance in the medical community but were soon widely accepted. He was made a baron by Queen Victoria in 1897. Lister died in England in 1912. 1876: First proof of Germ Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery Robert Koch (1843-1910) 细菌固定培养法 细菌染色法 发现结核杆菌、炭疽芽胞杆菌、霍乱弧菌 提取旧结素及应用 郭霍法则 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis 1881: Growth of Bacteria on solid media 1882: Outlined Kochs postulates Robert Koch (1843-1910) German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature. Building on pasteurs germ theory, he subsequently published Kochs postulates (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease: The agent must be present in every case of the disease. The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host. This eventually led to: Development of pure culture techniques Stains, agar, culture media, petri dishes 1882: Developed acid-fast Stain Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) 1884: Developed Gram Stain 1884: Christian Gram (NOTE: First publication for the Gram stain method) Gram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirte Farbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt?und Trockenpraparaten. REFERENCE: Fortschr