英国历史大事件年表.doc

智赢国际英语-Luna英国历史大事件年表古代英国-55BCEarlysettlement750BCCeltsbegantocometosetttleintheBritishIsles55BCEarlysettlement55BC-410RomanOccupation54BCJuliusCaesarinvadedBritain43BCRomanEmperorClaudiussentRomanLegionstoBritainandconqueredEngland410ADRomenLegionswerewithdrawfromBritain410871Anglo-SaxonTimes:beginningofFeudalism8th1066VikingsSAXONRULERS829EgbertruledEngland871KingAlfredfoughtagainsttheDanish11DANISHRULERS1016DanishKingCanuteconqueredEngland, andbecamekingofEnglandSAXONRULERS1066Haroldbecameking,andwaskillledatHastings.TheBattleofHastings.DukeofNormany,WilliamconqueredEnglandandwascrownedonChristmasDay,askingWilliam.HOUSEOFPLANTAGENET1154HenrybegantheHouseofAngouKINGSOFENGLANDANDLORDSOFIRELAND1170HenryfourknightstokilltheArchbishopofCanterburyThomasBecket1198Richard.joinedthethirdcrursade1215KingJohnsignedtheMagnaCarte1265SimondeMontfortsummonedthefirstparliament1282EdwardconqueredWales1295Edwardsummoned“ModelParliament”1296EdwardinvadedScotland13371453TheHundredYearswar1348TheBlackDeathstruckEngland1381WatTylerUprisingHOUSEOFLANCASTER1399HenrybegantheHouseofLancaster1455-1485thewarsoftheRosesHOUSEOFYORK1461EdwardbeganthehouseofYork近代英国HOUSEOFTUDOR1485HenrybeganthehouseofTudor1509Henrycametothethrone1516ThomasMorepublishedUtopia1534Henrypassedthe“ActofSupremacy”KINGS(QUEENS)OFENDLANDANDIRELAND1558Elizabethwascrowned1587ElizabethorderedMaryQueenofScotstosentencedtodeath1588EnglanddefeatedSpainsArmada1600TheEastIndiaCompanywassetupKINGS(QUEENS)OFENGLAND,SCOTLANDANDIRELANDHOUSEOFSTAUART1603Jamesbeganthehouseofstuart1629CharlesagreedtosignthePetitionofRight1642KingCharlessentsoldierstoarresttheParliamentleadersand Points”theLeagueofnation.BritaindividedwithFrancethecontroloverGerman-heldterritoryinAfericaandtheNearEast1924RamsayMacponaldledthefirstLabourPartygovernmentKINGS(QUEENS)OFUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND1929NYstockMarketcrashed, beginningtheGreatDepression1932BritainenactedprotectivetariffsandceasedpaymentonwardebtstoUS1935BaldwinreplacedMacDonaldasPrimeMinister1936GeorgeVIcametothrone, socialproblemsfadedwiththeemergenceofNazism1937BaldwinresigenedtobesucceededasrimeMinisterbyNeilleChamberlain1939OnSeptember3thChamberlainbroadcasttothenationthatBritainwasintheSecondWorldWar1940WinstonChurchilformedacoalitiongovernment1941thepearlHaborEvent-usjoinedwithBritainagainstJapanGermantroopsweakenedafterfailureininvadingRussia-TheBattleofStalingrad1944TheAlliedForceslandedinNormandy1945IntheendoftheSecondWorldWar, GermanyandJapansubsequentlysurrender.1947IndiaandPakistangainindependencefromBritain.1949NATO,theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,wasestiblished.AndBritinhaddeclinedtoattendtheCouncilofEurope.1950：TheKoreanWarbrokeout.Elizabeth1952PrincessElizabethwascrownedQueenElizabeth.Afour-dayLondon“smog”raisedthecitysdeathtolltothreetimesitsnormal.1955LondonpasseditsCleanAirAct.WartimeheroWinstonChurchillinillhealthresigned.1956TheSuezCrisisbrokeout.1957TreatyofRomeestablishedtheEuropeanEconormicCommunity.1967Britainwasforcedtodevaluethepoundinanattempttocheckinflationandimprovethetradedeficit.1973BritainbecameafullmemberoftheEuropeanCommunitywhichwasstillcalledtheCommonMarket.AndjoinedtheEuropeanUnionBritainwitnessedthefirstoilshock.1979MargaretThatcherbecamethePrimeMinister.1981PrinceCharlesmarriedladyDianaSpencer.1984Mrs.ThatchervisitedChina.1990JohnMajortookoverthereignsoftheConserativePartyasPrimeMinister.1993BritainratifiedtheMaastrichtTreaty.1995MajorresignedaspartyleaderinJune.1997DianaPrincessdiedinanautommobtleaccidentinParis.HKwasreturnedtoChinesesovereignty.TonyBlairbecamePrimeMinister.2001TonyBlairwasre-electedPrimeMinisteronJune8.2003Blair,withGeorgeBush,ledacoalitionofmilitaryforcesinanattackonIraqinMarch.2005TonyBlairwonhisthirdtermasPrimeMinister.2006AnallegedairplanebombplotthrewwholeBritaininchaos.2007TherewasaclashbetweenUKandIran.NavalforcesofIrans.RevolutionaryCruardscaptured15Britainsailors.TonyBlairsteppeddownfromofficeonJune27.GordonBrownbecameBritainPrimeMinister.关键名词及解释1.LondonLondonisthelargestcitylocatedinthesouthofthecountry.Itisdominantinallsortsofways.ItistheculturalandbusinesscenterandtheheadquartersofthevastmajorityofBritainsbigcompanies.Itisnotonlythefinancialcenterofthenation,butalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.2.RobinHoodRobinHoodwasaSaxonnobleman.AshecouldnolongerputupwithoppressionsfromtheNormans,hebecameanoutlawandhidhimselfwithhisbandof“merrymen”intheforest.Fromthissecretplace,hewentouttorobfromtherichtogivethepoor.3.Anglo-SaxonsTheyweretwogroupsofGermanicpeopleswhosettleddowninEnglandfromthe5thcentury.TheywereregardedastheancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland.4.KingArthurItissaidthathewastheKingofEnglandinthe5thcenturyandunitedtheBritishanddrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalsword,Excalibur.Hisrealexistenceisindoubt.Heisthecentralfigureofmanylegends.5.KingHaroldHewastheSaxonKingwhosearmywasdefeatedintheBattleofHastingsin1066,whenWilliamtheConquerorinvadedEnglandfromFrance.6.TheBillofRightsof1689In1688,KingJamesIIsdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofParliament,TheBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensuretheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.7.TheConstitutionBritainhasnowrittenConstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishstatearelaidoutinstatutelaw,whicharelawspassedbyParliament;thecommonlaws,whicharelawsestablishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourts;andconventions.8.ThefunctionsofParliamentThefunctionsofParliamentare:topasslaws,tovotefortaxation,toscrutinizegovernmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditureandtodebatethemajorissuesoftheday.9.TheHouseofLordsTheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsSpiritual,whoaretheArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland;andtheLordsTemporal,whichreferstothoselordswhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathersortheyhavebeenappointed.Thelordsmainlyrepresentthemselvesinsteadoftheinterestsofthepublic.10.TheHouseofCommonsTheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.10.TheimportanceofgeneralelectionsGeneralelectionsareveryimportantinwesterndemocracy.Accordingtotheauthor,theyprovideopportunitiesforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpoliciesandtoreplacethoseincompetentpoliticalleaders.11.Theformationofthegovernment651membersofparliamentareelectedinthegeneralelectionrepresenting651constituenciesintheUK.Thepartywhichholdsamajorityofthose“seats”inparliamentformsthegovernment,withitspartyleaderasthePrimeMinister.12.TheelectoralcampaignsBeforeageneralelection,thepoliticalpartieswouldstarttheirelectoralcampaignsinordertomaketheirideologiesandpoliciesknowntothepublic,Thecampaigninvolvesadvertisementsinnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigning,postaldeliveriesofleafletsand“partyelectoralbroadcasts”onthetelevision.Thepartiesalsotrytoattackandcriticizetheopponentspolicies,Therefore,thesecampaignssometimescanbequiteaggressiveandcritical.13.EthnicrelationsintheUKThecomingofimmigrantsgroupsfromotherpartsoftheworldhasgreatlyenrichedBritishculture.Butethnicrelationsarealsosometimestense:thelocalpeopleviewthenewcomersasathreattotheirwayofliving;anddespitemuchofficialactionstominimizeracism,bothsubtleandovertoppressionremains.Theimmigrantpopulationisnotwell-offeconomically.Theyfaceproblemsofunemployment,under-representationinpoliticsandunfairtreatmentbypoliceandbythejusticesystem.14.ComprehensiveschoolsComprehensiveschoolsarethemostpopularsecondaryschoolsinBritaintoday.Suchschoolsadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking.15.GrammarschoolsItisatypeofsecondaryschoolsinBritain.Grammarschoolsselectchildrenattheage11,throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”.Thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Theseschoolslayemphasisonadvancedacademicsubjectsratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexpectmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniversities.16.IndependentschoolsIndependentschoolsarecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichareactuallyprivateschoolsthatreceivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.Independentschoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem,butthequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajestysInspectorsofSchools.Theseschoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.17.TheOpenUniversityTheOpenUniversitywasfoundedinBritaininthe1960sforpeoplewhomightnotgettheopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicandsocialreasons.Itsopentoeverybodyanddoesnotdemandthesameformaleducationalqualificationsastheotheruniversities.UniversitycoursesarefollowedthroughTV,radio,correspondence,videosandanetworkofstudycenters.AttheendoftheirstudiesattheOpenUniversity,successfulstudentsareawardedauniversitydegree.18.“Footballhooligans”“Footballhooligans”reflecttheviolenceassociatedwithfootball.Whileallsocialclassesusedtojoininthelocalfootballmatch,itwasregardedasbeingnotatallsuitableforgentlemen.VisitorsfromabroadsometimescomplainedaboutstumblingintothemidstofaroughanddangerousgamewhenwalkingthestreetsofLondon,whilelocalhouseholdersandmerchantsweretroubledbyhavingtheirwindowsbrokenbystrayfootballs.Drinkinghardwentalongwithplayinghard.Today,violenceisstillassociatedwithfootball.“Footballhooligans”aresupportersofrivalteams.Theysometimesclashbefore,duringandaftermatchesandoccasionallyrunriotthroughthetown,breakingwindowsandbeatingeachotherup.19.Cricketand“fairplay”CricketwasoneoftheveryfirstteamsportsinBritaintohaveorganizedrulesandtobeplayedaccordingtothesamerulesnationally.Thereasonthatfixedruleswereappliedtocricketsoearlyonwasafinancialone:aristocratslovedbettingoncricketmatchesandifpeopleweregoingtorickmoneyonagame,theywantedtoensurethatthegamewouldbeplayedfairly.InBritainpeoplefromallwalksoflifeplaycricket,butinthe19thcentury,cricketwasasportplayedmainlybytheupperclasses.Itwasakindof“snob”gameplayedbyboyswhoattendedpublicschools.AsgenerationsofpublicschoolboysgrewuptobecomethecivilservantsandrulersoftheUKanditscolonies,cricketbecameassociatedwithasetofmoralvalues,inparticulartheideaof“fairplay”whichsupposedlycharacterizedBritishgovernment.20.WimbledonWimbledonisthenameofaLondonsuburb.InWimbledontheworldbestplayersgathertocompeteongrasscourts.ItisoneofthemajoreventsoftheBritishsportingcalendarandprobablythemostfamoustenniseventintheworld.Besidesactuallywatchingthetennismatches,otheractivitiescloselyassociatedwiththe“Wimbledonfortnight”areeatingstrawberriesandcream,drinkingchampagneandhopingthatitdoesntrain.21.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritainTherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmasPantomime,acomicalmusicalplay.ThemainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhileThemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame”,isplayedbyaman.AnotherBritishChristmastraditionistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants.NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:shopping.ShopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.22.OrangeMarchesTheseeventscanbetracedbacktothe17thcenturybattlesbetweenCatholicsandProtestants.NowtheProtestantscelebratetheirvictoryattheBattleoftheBoyne(12July)in1690.TheCatholicKingJamesIIwasforcedoffthethronein1688.WilliamofOrangewasinvitedtotakethethroneandJameswasdrivenintoexile.TheTwelfthofJulyisthehighpointofwhatisknownastheMarchingSeason,whenProtestant“Orangemen”taketothestreetswearingtheirtraditionaluniformsandorangesashes,marchingthroughthestreetssinging,bangingdrumsandplayinginmarchingbands.TheOrangemenoftenclashverbally,legallyorsometimesviolentlywiththeCatholicsastheyattempttoparadethroughCatholicneighborhoods.Therefore,duringOrangeMarchesthereisamassivepoliceandarmypresencesurroundingtheparadesandtheatmospherecanbeverytense.23.EisteddfodWaleshasalongpoetictradition.PoemswritteninthetraditionalWelshlanguageandstylearegovernedbyancientcodesandconventions.Thispoetictraditionhasbeencelebratedforcenturies.英国历史重大事件年表约公元前3000年，伊比利亚人进入不列颠，以长坟闻名约公元前2000年，建立巨石阵；宽口陶器人出现，以钟形容器闻名约公元前700年，三波凯尔特人进入不列颠：盖尔人、布立吞人、贝尔格人l公元前55年，JuliusCaesar率罗马军团入侵不列颠，开启不列颠有文字记载的历史l公元43年Claudius皇帝时期，罗马正式占领不列颠，不列颠的罗马时代持续400年l597年，教皇格里高利一世派St.Augustine到不列颠传教l9世纪，Egbert成为第一位英格兰国王l1066年诺曼征服：忏悔者爱德华、哈罗德、征服者威廉；斯坦福桥、黑斯廷斯战役；封建制度完全建立。l1086年威廉一世“末日审判书”完成l1170年大主教贝克特被刺，亨利二世宗教改革失败l12、13世纪，牛津、剑桥大学建校l1215年约翰王被迫签订大宪章，限制王权l1265年的大议会标志着向现代议会的转变，签署牛津协定l1284年爱德华一世征服威尔士，创立“威尔士亲王”封号l1337-1453年爱德华三世发动英法百年战争，亨利五世取得大胜l1348年爆发黑死病，劳动力短缺、土地闲置、转耕为牧、农民可讨价还价l劳工法令StatuteofLabours禁止提高农民工资l1381年农民起义，理查二世欺骗起义军、谋杀瓦特泰勒l14、15世纪，圣安德鲁大学、格拉斯哥大学、阿伯丁大学、爱丁堡大学在苏格兰建校l1455-1485玫瑰战争：爱德华四世胜利、爱德华五世失踪、理查三世被击杀、亨利七世建立都铎王朝l1529-1534年亨利八世进行宗教改革Reformation，确立英王为独立的英格兰教会最高领袖，脱离罗马教皇l1558-1603伊丽莎白一世统治l1588年击败无敌舰队Armadal文艺复兴Renaissance(1350-1650)和英国文艺复兴（1485-）l1605年火药阴谋案，天主教谋杀詹姆士一世失败，处决盖伊福克斯，英国人庆祝11月5日“盖伊福克斯之夜”l1628第三次召集的议会向查理一世提出PetitionofRight民权请愿书l1642-1649英国内战（清教革命、英国资产阶级革命）l1649年查理一世被处决，进入Commonwealth共和国时期l1660年共和国瓦解，查理二世复辟Restorationl1688年光荣革命，威廉、玛丽共掌英国l1689年权利法案出台，君主立宪制确立l1707年联合法案规定英格兰、苏格兰合并，“大不列颠”产生；也规定苏格兰教会成为联合王国国教之一。l农业变革：18世纪晚期（传统农业制度可追溯至5世纪）l圈地法案EnclosureAct规定土地可以买卖，大量土地兼并，农场扩大、贫雇农失去土地转为劳动力l1780-1830工业革命珍妮纺纱机、蒸汽机、新式炼钢法l1832年改革法案ReformAct废除腐败选区、合理分配选票等l1836-1848宪章运动，伦敦工人协会起草人民宪章，6点内容l1871工会法案承认公会合法l1756-1673英法七年战争、英国取得加拿大l1840年鸦片战争和1842年南京条约，割地赔款五口通商；英国与毛利人签订外坦基条约，标志着现代新西兰诞生l1858正式征服印度，维多利亚加冕印度女皇l1889-1902布尔战争，大英帝国达到顶峰，拥世界人口土地1/4l1875年买下苏伊士运河，开始殖民埃及l1856-1858年第二次鸦片战争，英法联军攻入北京，烧毁圆明园l1911议会法案确立下议院的最高权威l1914-1918第一次世界大战：英法俄VS德国、奥匈、土耳其l1919年在Mrs.Pankhurst领导的Suffragttes运动中，英国30岁以上妇女获得选举权lTheRoaringTwenties怒吼的二十年代l1921年英爱条约成立爱尔兰自由邦，南北分裂。苏格兰教会法巩固苏格兰教会的国教地位。l三十年代大萧条Depression都铎王朝：14851603（近代英国开始）1485年：亨利七世即位【15世纪中叶，30年的玫瑰战争导致都铎王朝建立，获胜方南方大地主和新贵族的代表亨利都铎加冕为王，是为亨利七世。都铎王朝正值资本主义在英