Book9_U1_语法.doc

Book 9_U1_资源库_语法定语从句复习一、语法知识归纳 定语从句 ( Attributive Clause)句子作定语叫做定语从句。定语从句放在先行词之后。 定语从句的引导词定语从句的引导词有关系代词和关系副词。1. 关系代词 (Relative pronoun)指代范围关系代词成分人who; that 主语who; whom; that宾语（可省略）物which; that主语which; that宾语（可省略）whose定语 （注意：介词后不用that） Do you still remember the chicken farm (that) we visited three months ago? 你还记得我们三个月前参观过的养鸡场吗？ I live in the house whose window faces the street. (I live in the house the window of which faces the street.) 我住在窗户朝街的那间房里。2. 关系副词 ( Relative adverb) 指代范围关系副词成分时间when (= 适当介词+ which)状语地点where (= 适当介词+ which)原因why (= for + which)方式The way that / in which / 省略 We are living in an agewhen many things are done on computer. 我们生活在这样一个时代：许多事情都通过电脑来完成。 定语从句的分类 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句（一）限制性定语从句的基本特征 限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。从句与先行词之间没有逗号。 He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) 他有两个在同一家公司工作的儿子。（二）限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法 1. that, which 当先行词指物，并且关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，用which/that引导定语从句。在限制性定语从句中有些情况下只能用关系代词that，不用which。(1) 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。 You should hand in all that you have. 你应该上交你所有的东西。(2) 当先行词前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们唯一能做的事就是给你一些钱。(3) 当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4) 当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。 This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. 这是最后一班到苏州的火车。(5) 当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们在谈论的人和事吗？(6) 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 获得金牌的男孩是谁？(7) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。 They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们悄悄建了一座生产一些能产生污染的东西的小厂。(8) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。2. who, whom 当先行词指人，并且关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时，用who/that，不可省略；当先行词指人，并且关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时，用whom/that/who，可以省略。She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。(先行词在定语从句中作主语) Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach. 那就是我教的女孩。(先行词在定语从句中作宾语)3. whose 无论先行词指人还是物，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. 这就是那位成绩卓著的科学家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house of which the window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of which broke last night. 这就是昨晚窗子被打坏的那所房子。4. 介词+which/whom (1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，关系代词不能省略。 In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。 This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for. 这是我在找的笔。（不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking.）(2)当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which (指物)，that/whom/who (指人)作从句中介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of. 这就是我们为之骄傲的英雄。 This is the pen (that / which) I wrote the letter with. 这就是我用来写信的笔。5. as as引导的定语从句常和such, so, the same, as 连用Ill buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要买和你一样的字典。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。（三）限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when = 表时间的介词 (如：in, at, during等) + which；where = 表地点的介词 (如：in, at, on, under等) + which；why = 表原因的介词 (如：for) + which；how = 表方式的介词（如：in）+ which。Can you tell me the office where he works? (= in which)你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗？Do you know the reason why he is absent? (= for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗？非限制性定语从句 （一）非限制性定语从句的基本特点有逗号将主句和从句隔开的定语从句叫非限定性定语从句。 非限制性定语从句的作用是用来提供附加的而非必要的信息， 只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句意义很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now. 我的母亲50岁了，她现在和我住在一起。注意：非限定性定语从句中不用关系代词that（二）非限制性定语从句中关系代词、关系副词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系代词、关系副词的用法与限制性定语从句中的用法大体相当，但也有一些特别的地方，需要考生注意。1. 在非限制性定语从句中，不可用that引导从句。先行词指物时，只可用which。另外，which不仅仅指代先行词，还可以用来替代主句的整个内容或行为。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him. 海伦对最小儿子要比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子非常妒忌他。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，可用“名词/代词+介词(of)+which/whom”的结构。 Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 最近，我买了个古董花瓶，它的价格相当合理。 3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句非限制性定语从句，从句内部常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一栋大房子里，房子前面有棵大树。 4. 在关系副词where/when前有时可以加介词from, to等。 China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的发源地，从这里放风筝的活动传播到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。 5. 关系代词as, which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别(1) as和which都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 结果天气很好，这出乎我们的意料。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. = The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.众所周知，月亮每月绕地球一圈。（可转化为名词性从句：It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 或What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.） (2) as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well known = as is known to all众所周知；as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样；as often happens正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。二、语法拓展训练（一）单项填空1. _ is known to the world, Chinas Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the mens 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games. A. That B. Which C. As D. It 2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 3. I dont know the reason _ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _ you havent told me. A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that 4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _ she had visited. A. that B. who C. where D. which 5. Because of the traffic jam _ I was caught, I was late for the meeting. A. by which B. in which C. that D. where 6. There are three things _ make Sydney famous, its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. A. what B. that C. when D. where 7. There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _ mouth tea is supposed to come. A. which B. that C. its D. whose 8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _ most uncomfortable. A. which I think it wasB. which I think was C. which I think D. that I think was 9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. where D. which 10. The World Expo 2010 is being held at a time _ the world is looking for a new kind of balance between nature and cities.A. when B. whereC. which D. that11. Bears often hide themselves in places _ cant be found by hunters.A. in whichB. whereC. thatD. /12. I got an email from Susan, _ said she was going abroad for sightseeing. Fantastic! Thats what she has been dreaming of.A. which B. she C. who D. it 13. After graduation from high school we will reach a point _ we have to decide which university to attend. A. that B. what C. which D. where14. An idea occurred to me _ I might turn to my English teacher for help. A. that B. which C. where D. when 15. Safety in school has been of great concern because of frequent reports about accidents _ students got injured or killed while in school. A. that B. when C. in which D. for which 16. You can use a larger plastic bottle, _ is cut off, _ as a pot to grow flowers in.A. of which the top; with its top B. whose top; with its topC. whose top; the top of itD. the top of which; with its top17. The Olympic snowboarding event, _, was exciting. A. on which many people watched B. where many people watched TVC. which many people watched on TVD. where many people watched on TV18. Cathy was a teacher from Newcastle, _ is almost as far north as you can go.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. where19. In our _, anyone _ breaks the law should be punished.A. opinions; thatB. opinions; whoC. opinion; heD. opinion; who20. It was in the lab _ was taken charge of by Professor Zhang _ they did the experiment.A. where; that B. which; where C. that; whereD. which; that21. Where did you see him for the first time?It was in the factory _ we worked.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when 22. Where did you find your wallet? It was in the shop _ I bought the shirt. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. there23. She may have missed the train, _ she wont arrive for another hour.A. in which B. when C. in which case D. in that case 24. Every time Ashtita tries to break a record, he reaches a point _ he feels he cannot physically do any more. A. where B. that C. when D. which25. Was it through Mary, _ was working at a high school, _ you got to know Tom?A. who; whoB. that; which C. who; that D. who; which26. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think D. I think which is 27. Was _ Bill, _ played basketball very well, _ helped the blind man cross the road?Yes, of course. He is always ready to help others. A. it; that; who B. this; who; that C. which; that; that D. it; who; that28. Europe has achieved more in controlling the AIDS virus than Asia in the past ten years, _ the number of people infected with the virus is going up sharply.A. whenB. that C. so that D. where29. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A. why B. what C. that D. where30. The girl in plain clothes, _ was wonderfully calm in face of danger, was just sixteen years old.A. when B. which C. what D. who （二）句子改错1. The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written. 2. The house stood at the place which the roads meet. 3. Did you see the young man whom was chosen the League secretary? 4. We shall visit the university where my father teaches there. 5. The person whom you want to see comes. 6. Can you think of anyone whos house is on a pile of rocks? 7. The day which I was to start arrived at last. 8. I have known the reason which she is so worried. 9. This is the girl who practice playing the piano everyday. 10. The watch which her mother gave it to her works very well. 11. This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night. 12. Is she the girl who her grandfather was a Red Army man? 13. The worker who repaired our house live next door to Li Huas. 14. The girl studies music plays the violin very well. 15. The house in where we live is very large. 16. The street which lead us to the Beijing Station is wide and long. 17. Do you know the driver whom caused the traffic accident where a man was killed? 18. Has she returned you the novel that you lent it to her last Friday? 19. This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that boy. 20. This is the woman to who my mother talked just now. （三）真题回顾1. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 Yuan for one night. (2009江苏) A. if B. when C. which D. since2. Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising. (2009辽宁)A. that B. when C. what D. which3. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009天津) A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever4. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. (2009福建) A. that B. when C. which D. where 5. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (2009山东) A. who B. which C. when D. that 6. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (2009安徽)A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom7. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江) A. which B. where C. how D. why 8. She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. (2009全国)A. them B. whoC. whom D. these9. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陕西)A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which10. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (2009湖南)A. which B. of which C. that D. whose 11. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where 12. What do you think of teaching, Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009北京) A. whereB. which C. when D. that13. My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. (2009全国II) A. whichB. that C. where D. it 14. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (2009四川)A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when15. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西)A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which16. The visitor _ passport was stolen was on his way to the US. (2009上海春)A. ones B. his C. whos D. whose17. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. (2008江苏) A. which B. whatC. thatD. where18. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008福建)A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which19. Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. (2008浙江)A. whom B. where C. that D. which20. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (2008山东)A. whoB. whichC. whyD. when21. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西)A. where B. when C. who D. which22. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西)A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D.