选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity.doc

年 级高二学 科英语版 本人教新课标版课程标题选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-words、phrases and language point编稿老师冯振宇一校林卉二校黄楠审核刘晓军一、学习目标：知识目标：学习本单元的单词、短语和句型。能力目标：能够使用这些单词、短语及句型进行语言表达，并能够解答与之相关的习题。二、重点、难点：重点：重要单词majority, despite, elect, occur, indicate, slip, hire, reform重要短语live on, by means of, make a life, keep up, team up with, mark out, take in, a great/good many重要句型1) It is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.2) Thats why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.3) By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.4) People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s.难点：recommend三、知能提升（一）重点单词单词学习1. majority n.多数，大多数（人或物）【用法】the majority 意为“多数”“大半”，单独作主语时谓语动词多用单数，在强调“多数中的各个成员时”谓语动词也可用复数。the majority of 后既可用单数名词，也可用复数名词。谓语动词的数与of后面的名词相一致。当把“多数”当作一个整体和少数人的整体对比时，谓语动词用单数。【例句】The majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio.多数人喜欢电视胜过广播。Who says the majority is always able to impose its will on the minority ? 谁说多数人总能将其意志强加到少数人身上？ 【拓展】major adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的minority n.少数【考题链接】Dont worry about the present situation in the world; _of people prefer peace to war.A. the less B. the great part C. the majority D. the number答案：C 解题思路：考查majority的用法。按照句意：“多数人喜欢和平而不喜欢战争”可知答案。2. despite prep.不管，尽管，任凭 【例句】Despite the fact that she is short, she is an excellent basketball player.尽管她个子矮, 却是个出色的篮球运动员。【考点】in spite of 不管；尽管，后接名词、代词、动名词、名词短语。regardless of不管，不顾，尽管；后接名词，动名词，代词，名词短语等。despite = in spite ofalthough/ though 尽管，后接从句。【考题链接】_ has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem.A. What B. Though what C. Despite what D. However what答案：C解题思路：though在表示“尽管”这个意义时常用作连词，后接从句；而despite则用作介词，后接名词、代词。本句中的what 在despite 后的宾语从句中作主语。3. elect vt.(进行)选举, 推举 【例句】We elected him (to be) monitor. 我们选他当班长。【考点】辨析select / choose / elect / pick这些动词均含有“选择”之意。select 强调在广泛的范围内进行“精选或淘汰”，侧重以客观为标准进行选择。choose 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，侧重被选者的优点。elect 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。pick 口语用词，强调“从个人角度在众多对象之中进行挑选”，有时含有“任意选择”的意思。【考题链接】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1) Please _ a good book for me.2) She _ a diamond ring from the collection.3) We _ our monitor by a show of hands.4) She _ the red sweater rather than the pink one.答案：1) pick 2) selected 3) elected 4) chose 4. occur vi. 发生、存在【例句】I hope this wont occur again. 我希望不要再发生这种事情。【用法】occur to（主意或想法突然）浮现于脑中，被想起，被想到It occurs to sb. to do sth.使某人想到干某事It occurs to sb. that使某人想到Just then an idea occurred to me.就在那时我想起了一个主意。【考点】辨析happen，occur，take place都可表示某事“发生”，happen是一般用语，尤指偶然发生的事，有“碰巧、恰好”的意思；occur 的文言意味较浓，常指某特定事物的发生，也可表示某种想法出现在人的头脑中。take place 指事先计划或预料到的“发生”，此外还有“举行”的意思。New things are happening all around us. 新事物在我们周围不断发生。It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my umbrella upstairs. 我突然想到我把伞忘在了楼上。【考题链接】It suddenly _to the detective that the millionaire was probably murdered by his own daughter.A. happened B. occurred C. thought D. took place答案：B解题思路：考查词义辨析。由to暗示出应选B；设空处意思：一个想法突然呈现。5. indicate vt. 指出；标示；表明【例句】I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.我问他我姐姐在哪，他指指对面的商店。Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women. 研究表明男人感到比女人更容易戒烟。【用法】indicate sth. (to sb.)（向某人）指示；指出；标示某物indicate that/wh- 表示；示意【拓展】indication n. 指出；表明 indicative adj.指示的；暗示的6. slip vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤 n. 滑倒；小过失；失误【例句】My foot slipped and I nearly fell. 我的脚一滑，差点跌倒。She slipped into the room when no one was looking. 她趁无人注意的时候溜进了房间。【用法】let slip. 错过；无意中说出let sth. slip through your fingers错过（机会），失去（机会）a slip of the tongue 口误【拓展】slippery adj. 滑溜的【考题链接】Why not stay at home now that the road is so _after the heavy snow?A. slipsB. sliding C. slipper D. slippery答案：D解题思路：slippery为形容词，意为“滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走）的”。7. hire vt.聘用；录用；雇用 【例句】No ordinary families can afford to hire servants.普通人家雇不起仆人。We hired a driver to take us on a tour of the city.我们雇了一个司机带我们游览这个城市。【考点】辨析hire / employ / renthire 是日常用语，指按工作量或时间雇用人或租借东西，有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物使用权出让给别人以收取费用”（hire out）之意，如：hire a boat 租船，hire out a boat 出租船。多指临时租用某物。如：hire a car，a camera，a bicycle，an evening dress，a hall for a meeting等。指人时，有“雇用”、“受雇”两种含义。employ 较正式，多指商店或公司长期雇用人手；受雇人员较广，甚至包括社会地位较高的职业人员，有“聘请”之意。也可解释为“忙于，从事”，常用于be employed in sth. / doing sth. 短语中。要弄清 employ 几个名词的用法：employee （雇工，雇员），employer （雇主，东家），employment（就业，雇用）。rent 一般指租借房屋、地产(租借出去)。也有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物使用权出让给别人以收取费用”（rent out）之意，如：rent a room 租房间，rent out a room 出租房间。多指长时间的租用。如：rent a house，a flat，a TV等。rent还可作名词，意为“租金；租费”。【考题链接】用hire，employ，rent填空。1) Our house has been _ by a newly-married couple.2) It s important to _ proper words in writing poem.3) They _ _ in writing when I came. 4) They _ out boats by the hour. 5) We _ a driver to take us on a tour of the city.答案：1) rented 2) employ 3) were employed 4) hire 5) hired8. reform vt. & n.改革, 改良, 改造【例句】You have had every chance to reform.你已有了改过自新的各种机会。We are reforming our economic system.我们正在改革我们的经济体制。The reform in teaching methods is warmly welcomed by students.教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。The new law brought many social reforms.新法引起了许多社会改革。即学即练1. At first Bob was puzzled by Virginias waving, but then it _ his mind that she was trying to tell him something.A. crossed B. passed C. occurred D. opened2. _ of people _ to prefer _ games to playing games.A. The majority; seem; watching B. The majority; seem; to watchC. Majority; seem; watching D. Majority; seems; to watch3. The bell rang, _ that class was over.A. to indicate B. indicating C. indicated D. having indicating4. An accident did, however, _ at the street corner last night.A. occur B. take place C. happened D. broke out5. _ I admit what you suggested is practical, I will stick to my own point of view.A. As B. Despite C. While D. Through6. _ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment.A. Since B. Despite C. With D. As（二）重点短语短语学习1. live on 继续生活或存在 【例句】She lived on for many years after her husband died. 丈夫死后她又活了多年。【拓展】与live有关的短语：live on sth. 以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活live through sth. 经历某事物而幸存live up to sth. 依照某事物行事；（表现出）符合某事物的标准live a. life 过着的生活【考题链接】The WTO cannot _ its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A. stand up to B. live up to C. keep up to D. look up to答案：B解题思路：本题考查短语意义。live up to意为“符合某事物的标准”。句意：如果世贸组织不包括一个占世界人口五分之一的国家，那它就名不副实。2. by means of 用的办法，借助【用法】means单复数同形。常见的单复数同形的名词还有：种类（species），系列（series），工厂，作品（works）。【考点】辨析：in this way, by this means 与in this mannerin this way强调用简便的方法，介词in有时可省略。by this means强调有条理的办事方法。in this manner强调做事、行为的方式、方法。【拓展】by all means 一定，务必by no means 决不by some means or other想尽办法，无论如何总得by way of取道，经由by the way 顺便说一下【考题链接】May I have a look at your book?_. A. By this means B. By all means C. By this way D. By any means答案：B解题思路：by all means的意思是：一定，务必；当然可以，符合句意。3. make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等【例句】They settled down in Canada and made a life for themselves. 他们在加拿大定居下来，并习惯了新的生活方式。【拓展】与life有关的短语：bring sb. /sth. (back) to life 给某人/某事物活力；使复活lay down ones life (for sb./sth.) 为献身；牺牲生命lead a dogs life 过狗一般的生活（长期忧虑、痛苦或悲伤）put an end to ones life: (kill oneself) 自杀a walk of life 行业；职业；阶层【考题链接】The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all_ of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu.A. works B. walks C. kind D. sort答案：B解题思路：all walks of life的意义为“各行各业”。4. keep up坚持；维持；沿袭古老的风俗、传统等；使某人不能去睡觉【例句】You re all doing a splendid job; keep up the good work! 你们都干得很出色，要坚持下去!I do hope we re not keeping you up. 我希望我们没有耽误你睡觉。【拓展】与keep有关的短语：keep up with sb./sth. 跟上；（与某人/某事物）同步前进或保持联系；跟上（形势）keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事物；重复做某事物keep away from（使某人/事物）不靠近keep oneself/sb. from sth./doing sth. 使自己/某人不能做某事物keep off (sb./sth.) 不接近或不接触某人/某事物keep sb./sth. out (of sth.) 不让某人/某物进入（某处）keep in touch with sb. 保持与某人的联系keep fit 保持健康【考题链接】In time of difficulty, its important to _ a good state of mind.A. keep on B. keep up C. keep off D. keep out答案：B解题思路：keep up意为“保持”。句意：遇到困难的时候，保持良好的心态是很重要的。5 .team up with（与某人）一起工作（尤指为一个共同目标）；合作【例句】The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car. 那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。6. mark out 划线；标出界线【例句】Please mark out the sentences that you don t understand with a red pen. 请用红笔标出你不懂的句子。【拓展】be marked with.用标记【考题链接】As the years passed, many occasionsbirthdays, awards, graduations_ with Dads flowers. A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked 答案：B解题思路：句子的主语为occasions，与后面的mark之间存在被动关系，然后根据从句的时态，知主句应用过去式。7. take in 包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗【例句】The students find it easy to take in what you teach. 学生发现你的课很好懂。He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没地方可过夜，于是我们就提出让他留宿。【拓展】与take有关短语：take apart拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等)take down拿下，取下；拆卸；记下take care of 照料，保管take up开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理 take it easy别紧张，慢慢来take over继承，接收，接管take off脱下(衣服等)；起飞take on承担，从事；呈现【考题链接】Dont be by products to make you lose weight quickly.A. taken off; promising B. taken out; promisedC. taken away; promised D. taken in; promising答案：D解题思路：根据第一个设空处就可判断出正确答案。句意为：不要被那些承诺快速减肥的产品所欺骗。8. a great/good many 相当多，很多【例句】A good many people lost their lives in the tsunami caused by the earthquake in Japan.在日本，许多人死于地震引发的海啸。【拓展】a great/good manya large number ofscores ofdozens ofmany/few修饰可数名词复数many a 修饰可数名词单数a good/great deal ofa large/great amount oflarge amounts of much / little / a little修饰不可数名词a lot of = lots ofplenty ofa large/great quantity of = quantities ofa supply of = supplies of可数名词复数/不可数名词【考题链接】We always keep _ spare paper, in case we ran out. A. too much B. a number of C. plenty of D. a good many答案：C解题思路：paper为不可数名词，所以先把B、D两项排除掉，too much意为“太多”，不符合语境。即学即练1. Our son doesnt know what to _ at the university；he cant make up his mind about his future.A. take in B. take up C. take over D. take after2. At the meeting, they discussed three different_ to the study of maths.A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways3. I have offered to point the house _ a weeks accommodation. A. in exchange for B. with regard to C. by means of D. in place of 4. We have spent _ money on English books.A. a great deal of B. a good many C. a plenty of D. a number of（三）重点句型句型学习1. It is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.句子分析本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。It is likely that意思是“可能的”=sb. be likely to do sth. 某人可能干某事 【例句】It is likely that she will ring me tonight.=She is likely to ring me tonight.【考点】辨析 likely, probable, possible从可能性来看：probable likely possible从句型来看：probable能用于以下句型：It is probable that; It is probable to do sth.;possible能用于以下句型：It is possible that; It is possible/for sb. to do sth.【典型例题】The book is not popular with the youth, but_ I thought it was very good.A. personally B. exactly C. generally D. likely答案：A解题思路：由butI thought可看出是个人的观点、看法，可知答案选A。2. Thats why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.句子分析句中的why引导的是表语从句。【例句】Financial crisis broke out in 2008, and thats why Lemans Brothers was closed.2008年爆发了金融危机，那就是雷曼兄弟倒闭的原因。【拓展】why，because，that引导的表语从句：that 没有词义；当句子的主语是reason时，后面的表语从句往往要用that引导。why有自己的意思，引导的表语从句强调结果。because 有自己的意思，引导的表语从句强调原因。The reason was that you dont trust her. 原因是你不信任她。He was ill. Thats why he was sent to the hospital. 他病了，所以被送到医院来。He was sent to the hospital. Thats because he was ill. 他被送到医院来，是因为他生病了。【考题链接】I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.Is that_ you had a few days off？A. why B. when C. whatD. where答案：A解题思路：句中的表语从句强调的是结果，所以用why引导。3. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.句子分析 by the time后接一个定语从句，后面的主句常要用完成时，如果time后接将来的时间就要用将来完成时，如果后接过去的时间就要用过去完成时。【例句】By the time he was 12, he had built a chemistry lab for himself.到他12岁的时候，他为自己建立了一个化学实验室。By the time you leave school, you will have learned 3000 words.到你毕业的时候，你就会学到3000个（英语）单词。【考题链接】It is reported in the papers that the old coins _under the earth for about 200 years by the time they were discovered.A. had buried B. had been buried C. buried D. were buried 答案：B解题思路：本题考查时态。根据前面所讲含by短语的定语从句，其后的主句常要用到完成时，然后再依据coins与bury为被动关系，知B项正确。4. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s.句子分析这里的have been living是现在完成进行时。这一时态是近几年高考的难点，现简要总结如下：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如：live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等。常和all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等状语以及since（自从）和for（表经历）所引导的时间状语或状语从句连用（since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去）。【例句】What have you been doing all this time? 这半天你干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）Ive been writing letters all this morning. 我写了一上午的信。（动作不再继续下去）He is ill. Hes been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已卧床三个星期。（动作可能会继续下去）【拓展】现在完成进行时表重复性动作有时，现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时的现在完成进行时即可用于瞬时性动词。Hes been scoring plenty of goals this season. 在这个赛季里，他踢进了许多球。Youve been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了有五年了。【考题链接】Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair _ all day. Could you speak to her now?A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned答案：C解题思路：本题考查现在完成进行时。后面的all day说明这位记者打了一整天的电话，用现在完成进行时表示这一动作在断断续续地重复，所以C项符合语境。即学即练1. Over the past decades, sea ice_ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A. had decreased B. decreased C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing2. How do you suppose the next age will influence us human beings?Most of us believe it _ to change our life, and the way we understand the world and ourselves.A. possibleB. probable C. likelyD. both A and C3. Many people became homeless, _ the Japanese government is worried.A. which is why B. that is why C. which is because D. that is becauseUnit 1 A land of diversityGrammar名词性从句一、预习新知名词性从句二、预习点拨思考问题一：名词性从句都包括哪些从句？引导词都有哪些？思考问题二：找出本单元中含名词性从句的句子。（答题时间：50分钟）一、单项选择1. The agreement indicates that the two companies will_ again.A. team up B. turn up C. look up D. pick up2. May I borrow your bicycle?_.Thank you!A. By any means B. By no means C. By this means D. By all means3. When she visited the childrens home，it_ her that she could adopt a homeless child.A .ran into B. happened to C. occurred to D. was occurred to4. We forgot to bring our tickets，but please let us enter，_？A. do you B. can we C. will you D. shall we5. If you like I can do some shopping for you.Thats a very kind_.A. offer B. service C. point D. suggestion6. If you cant decide which of the two books to borrow，why dont you take_？I wont read them this week.A. all B. any C. either D. both7. When the headmaster spoke out his plan, the_ of the students in the class_ against it.A. majority；were B. most；were C. most；did D. majority；did8. _environmental damage is done，it takes many years for the ecosystem (生态系统) to recover.A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once9. Your story is perfect；Ive never heard_ before.A. the better one B. the best one C. a better one D. a good one10. _, lets exchange our ideas on how to spend the holiday.A. Beginning with B. Begin with C. To begin with D. To begin11. I know you dont like_ music very much. But what do you think of_ music in the film we saw yesterday?A. /；/ B. the；the C. the；/ D. /；the12. Many died or returned home，but most remained in California to_ a life for themselves in the new towns or on farms.A. make B. come C. bring D. lay13. Football is a_ of a sharp mind and hard training rather than just talking.A. mixture B. thought C. time D. action14. When you get the paper back，pay special attention to what_.A. have marked B. have been marked C. had marked D. had been marked15. They are just college graduates and dont realize_ to start and run a company.A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takes二、翻译句子16. 警察把她说的每一句话都记录下来。(note down)_17. 我认识他好多年了。(a great many)_18. 我今晚很可能给你打电话。(likely)_19. 据说，他一年挣100万美元。(It is believed that)_20. 不要被他的花招蒙骗。(take in)_三、完形填空I was coaching girls track in Iowa and there was a young discus (铁饼) thrower on the team with_21_potential (潜力).Here goes her story.At the end of our training_22_the