比较结构理解与翻译.doc

第九讲；比较结构理解与翻译 英语中表示比较的句型复杂繁多，表现形式多种多样，往往差之毫厘，谬之千里。因此在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，以求达到准确理解，然后才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。英语中常见的比较结构主要包括比较级，递增或递减式比较，强化式比较，否定式比较，选择式比较等。一、比较级 比较级包括超越、相等和差逊三种情况。1）超越。表示超越的比较结构主要有：better than（胜过，优于），more than+从句（多余，超过），“than +关系代词”的从句（再不过），superior to（占优势，比胜一筹）。例如：Doing is better than saying.She has talked more than what is necessary.He is a scholar than whom no man ever will be more honest. 2） 相等。表示相等的比较结构主要有：as as（如一样），as well as（既又，和一样），the same as（像一样），such/ soas（像一样），no sooner than（一就），no more than（就像，不优于），no less than（就像，不次于），否定代词+more than / else than / other than)（只不过而已）。例如：Such a great poet as Homer was proficient not just in literature but also in history. Youre no more capable of speaking French than I am. 3）差逊。表示差逊的比较结构主要有：inferior to（比差，逊于），less than（少于，不到）。例如：She is to some degree inferior to him in literary. It rains less in Jinan than in Hangzhou二、递增或递减式比较结构 英语中表示递增或递减意义的结构主要有：the+最高级, the+最高级（最，最），from+原级+to+比较级（越越），more and more / ever more / growing / increasingly / on the increase（越来越， 与日俱增），more than（不仅，而且有余），more, less.（越反而更），none the more / not at all (毫无，毫不)，no less than(不但，而且)，the more, the more（越越）。例如：He is the best general who makes the fewest mistakes. He becomes more and more irritated by her selfish behavior. The reservoir can more than make up for the shortage of rainfall.After hearing her lecture on computers Im none the wiser. 三、强化式比较结构 英语中表示强化式比较的结构主要有：far / much / considerable / appreciably / lots / a lot / a good deal / a great deal +比较级（远比得多，远胜于），more than +原级（分外，格外），no +比较级（一点儿也没有），still (even) +比较级（更加，倍加），second to none （比毫不逊色）。例如：In a sense, translation is considerably more difficult than composition. The Chinese flowering crabapple looks still even more charming against the green leaves.The situations in Iraq become no better. Chinese garden architecture is second to none in artistic style. 四、否定式比较结构 英语中表示否定式比较的结构主要有：比较级+名词+than +被比较的名词（与其说，不如说），比较级+ of +名词+than +被比较的名词（与其说，不如说），more likely than（与其说，不如说），rather a than a（与其说，不如说），比较级+ than +原级（有余，不足），more than +不定式（虽然，还不至于），比较级+分词+than +分词（没有，倒是）。例如：It sounds more a lyric than a song.He seems more cautious than decisive.Im wiser than to believe him. The child was more frightened than hurt. 五、选择式比较结构 英语中表示选择式比较的结构主要有：had better / best (最好，还是的好)，would rather than（与其，不如），better to rather than（不如），prefer to rather than（宁愿，不）。例如：Youd better look before you leap.Would rather break than bend.Better to have a bird in hand than the ten in the air.Prefer to die rather than surrender.例句1. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested in the whole business.(2)Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks。”(3) There are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.(4) Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price(5)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.(6)Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. （1995）(7) Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments（8）The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming.（9） He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, and the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. （10）There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operation of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is difference between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.（11）The studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is no more likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.（12） . Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increases with each program that turns out.（13）These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional media. 14. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today. （1995年考题）15.The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. （1997）16 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 17 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 18. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.19. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 20. What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” said a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration.21. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.22. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.比较结构理解 1. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_. (A) candidates sensitivity (C) competitive spirit (B) academic achievements (D) surer values 2. Science that promotes the innovation of our social productivity and service moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius that play a pioneering role in our society as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. Scientific progress mainly stems from A. gifted scientists and great figures B. capacity for understanding hidden truths C. better techniques and facilities Dpowerful men and ordinary things 3. The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization and convenience of the housework and an increase in spare time for these women than it did with their own unavoidable economic requirements and with high marriage rates that decrease the available number of single women workers. Which of the following account for more married female workers? A. the mechanization and convenience of housework and high marriage rates B. Financial burden and fewer single women workers C. Womens desire for leisure lives and keeping a high salary D. Unavoidable economic demands and the importance of single women 4. The soaring in the numbers of overseas workers hired across the home borders does not have so much to do with the charging of battery and a desire in broadening horizon in language proficiency and exploring western civilization as it did with their pursuit of social welfare and health allowances and with high laid-off rates domestically that discouraged the enthusiasm of working in the native country that used to be stimulated by the demands and consumptions. What may account for the increase of overseas workers. A. health subsidy and western culture B. working devotions and high unemployment C. welfare system and decreased vigorousness D. learning new knowledge and great consumptions 5 It is, of course, obvious that local politicians, who spreaded devastation only in the provinces and became corruptive, are less harmful to the world than our national senators, who cooked deceptive story to insult the other candidates in order to win an election campaign and win more bribery once on stage. What can be inferred from this sentence? A. politicians are usually corruptive and hated by the public B. local politicians are more greedy than the national ones C. hurting other candidates is essential to winning the election D. national senators are more vicious and cheerful 6.Work is, however,desirable to some many exhausted clerks who always work from day to night with sweats all over as a preventive of boredom，for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary but uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days and stays at home,repeating the dull housework and waiting for eating meals most of the time. Questions: What can be inferred from this sentence? A. Staying at home is more interesting than working in the company B.Staying up working with sweats all over is preferable to clerks C.Work is anything but boring and exhausting compared with repeating the uninteresting housework D.Stressful work is more acceptable than doing houswork without jobs 7.Nobody with any sense expec