M7U3助动词.doc

单元语法助动词一、要点精讲定义在英语语法体系中，助动词有三类：基本助动词、情态助动词（即：情态动词）及半动助词。基本助动词包括：be（am, is, are, was, were）、do（does, did）、have（has, had），will（would）、shall（should）等，它们本身没有词汇意义，不能独立作谓语，只能跟主要动词一起构成谓语。助动词协助主要动词构成时态、语态、语气、否定及疑问等语法关系。（1）表示时态，如：He is singing. 他在唱歌。Se has finished her homework. 她已完成家庭作业。（2）表示语态，如：He was sent to England for further education. 他被派往英国深造。（3）构成疑问句，如：Are you a student? 你是学生吗？Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？Have you ever been abroad? 你出国过吗？（4）与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，如：I dont like jazz music. 我不喜欢爵士乐。（5）加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明晚一定要来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。（6）构成虚拟语气助动词would/should用于非真实条件状语从句（虚拟语气）条件从句的谓语结果主句的谓语 A：与现在事实相反的假设：过去式 （be用were）would/could/might +动词原形 B：与过去事实相反的假设：had +过去分词would/could/might have +过去分词 C：某事将来发生的可能性小：过去式（be用were）were to +动词原形should +动词原形would/could/might +动词原形结果主句主语为第一人称I/we时，would可由should代替。(条件从句可将if省略，将had/were/should提到主语前，构成部分倒装句)如：He would come if you called him.（与现在事实相反） He would have come if you had called him.（与过去事实相反） If he should ask me I would be glad to help him.（将来发生的可能性小）be动词的用法（1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态，如：They are having a meeting. She was eating when I came in. English is becoming more and more important. 英语在变得越发重要。（2）be +过去分词，构成被动语态，如：The window was broken by Tom. English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。（3）be +动词不定式，可表示下列内容： 按计划或安排要发生的事或打算做的事（相当于be going to, 可译为“打算”、“将要”等）如：We are to meet at the school gate. The book is to appear soon. was/were + to have done 本来打算（但事实上为实现）I was to have seen him last Wednesday, but he didnt come. 该做或不该做的事（接近should, must, ought to, have to等）Suppose he comes here. What am I to tell him?You are not to smoke here in this room 能不能发生的事 （接近can, may）Not a cloud/sound was to be seen/heard. 一片云/一点声音都看/听不到。 不可避免将要发生的事，后来将要发生的事：The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的事注定要来的。They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. （用于条件从句）如果想, 设想（接近if want to, 或ifshould）If we are to be there in time, we will have to hurry up. 不定式作表语The prize is to honour him for his great discoveries.My idea is to go there right today.助动词have/had的用法（1）have/had +过去分词，构成现在/过去完成时，如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished the work. 到上月底，他们已经完成工作。（2）have/had+ been +现在分词，构成现在/过去完成进行时，如：I have been studying English for ten years. 十年来我一直在学英语。Yesterday I received the letter I had been expecting. 昨天我收到了我盼着的那封信。（3）have/had+been +过去分词，构成现在/过去完成时的被动语态，如：English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。助动词do的用法（1）构成一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、附加疑问句及反诘句，如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？When did you start learning English? 你何时开始学英语的？He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 他会开车，是吗？Didnt you have a good time at the party? 晚会上你难道玩得不开心吗？（2）do/did + not+主要动词 构成否定句，如：I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。He didnt like going to bed early. 他过去不喜欢早睡。（3）构成否定祈使句，如：Dont be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。（4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，如：Do come to my birthday party please. 请一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there. 我的确去过那儿。I do miss you. 我真的想你。（5）构成倒装句，如：Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明：引导此类倒装句的有否定副词never, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, nowhere, 及含有否定意义的短语by no means, in no case, on no condition, at no time和so（在句首修饰表语或状语）, only（在句首修饰状语）等。（6）用作代动词，如：- Do you like swimming?- Yes, I do. He works harder than his brother (does).助动词will的用法（1）构成将来时态,，表示未来的动作： 用于二、三人称（肯定、否定及疑问句，常缩写为ll），如：I must go; theyll be waiting for me.It looks as if Henry wont be in time for the train.Will you go to the party tonight? 用于第一人称（肯定及否定句），如：I will give you a definite（确定的）answer tomorrow.Ill be seeing you in the morning.（2）用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求，如： 用于肯定结构（可译为“你可否” “好吗”）Will you type this, please?If you want help-let me know, will you? 用于否定结构（可译为“要不要”“好吗”）Wont you come in and have a little whisky?（3）用于各个人称，表示愿望，（可译为“愿意”、“肯”、“会”等）Go where you will. 可用在条件从句中：If you will allow me, Ill see you home.（4）用于各个人称，表示： 倾向，习惯（可译为“（总是）会” “老是”, 否定结构可译为不肯/能）A drowning man will catch a straw.Oil and water will not mix. 决心（可译为“决心（不）”，“一定要”等）I will make this radio work even if I have to stay up all night. We will never talk about this subject again. 诺言（意思接近“保证”“保证（不）”We will pay back the money soon.I wont do it any more; I promise. 命令，叮嘱，规定（意思接近“必须/一定要等）You will not go out today; you will stay in and work. 猜测（可译为“想必/一定是”等）This will be the house you are looking for.助动词shall的用法（1）构成将来时态，单纯表示未来的动作：用于第一人称（肯定及否定句），如：Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter.We shant be coming back today.（2）用于第一、三人称 (构成疑问句，征询对方意见)，如： Shall I turn on the light, Mum? Shall the boy/Do you want the boy to wait outside? Lets call it a day (到此为止) now, shall we?（3）用于各个人称，表示： 许诺 If you work hard you shall have a holiday on Saturday. 威胁，命令 He shant come here/I wont let him come here. 决心（表示一定会发生的事） These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. 规定 Each competitor shall wear a number.助动词would的用法would也无词义，是will的过去式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于各个人称，如：I knew you would agree.He said he would come.He asked me if I would go in.助动词should的用法should无词义，只是shall的过去式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，如：The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain.I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 说明：这种情况下美国人多用would，在口语中现在英国人用would也较多了）半助动词在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构被称为半助动词，它有自己的词义，后跟动词原形。常见的半助动词有had better（最好），have/has/had (got) to（不得不），would rather/sooner（宁可/宁愿），used to（过去常常），be supposed to /ought to（应该），be going to/be about to（将要/即将），be able/unable to（能/不能）, be likely to（可能），be willing/unwilling to（愿意/不愿意）, 等。had better/best的用法had better/best后跟动词原形，其否定式为had better/best not+动词原形。如：You had better cross out the last name. 你最好把最后一个名字划掉。Wed better not tell Jim about our plans，hadnt we？我们最好别告诉吉姆我们的计划，是吗？have/has/had (got) to（不得不）的用法（1）表示义务或责任He has to pass an examination before he can start work. 他须考试及格，才能开始工作。You dont have to knock-just walk in. 你不必敲门-进来就是了。Did you have to pay a fine? 你必须交付罚金吗?（2）表示劝告或建议You simply have to get a new job. 你只须找个新工作。（3）得出合乎逻辑的结论There has to be a solution. 一定会有解决的办法。This has to be part of the original manuscript. 这一定是原稿的一部分。 have/has got to (口) （1）表示义务或责任Ive got to go to work by bus tomorrow. 我明天得坐公共汽车去上班。You havent got to take flowers but many people do. 你不必非带花去不可, 但是许多人都带着花去。Why have you got to take these tablets? 你为何要服这些药片?（2）表示劝告或建议Youve got to try this new recipe; its delicious. 你应该试试这种新烹饪法-味道好极了。would rather/sooner（宁可/宁愿/较喜欢）(通常略作 d rather)的用法Id rather stay in this evening, if thats all right with you. 我宁愿今晚呆在家里，如果对您合适的话。 would/had rather. (than) 宁可/宁愿（而不）Id rather walk than take a bus. 我愿意走路而不愿坐公共汽车。Some more wine? Thank you, Id rather not. I have to drive home. “再来一点酒好吗?不要了，我不能再喝了。我还得开车回家呢。”used to（过去常常）的用法（1）used to+动词原形，表达过去经常的或持续的行为或状态（现已不复存在）。I used to live in the country. 我过去一直住在乡下。Life here is much easier than it used to be. 如今在此地生活比起从前可舒服多了。（2）used to有两种否定式，即used not to（缩约式为usednt to）和didnt use(d) to。如：I usednt to/didnt use(d) to like pork. 我以前不喜欢吃猪肉。（3）used to有两种疑问句式。即used+主词+to+其他成份？；Did+主词+use(d) to+其他成份。如：Used you to go there? =Did you use to go there? There used to be a cinema here, use(d)nt there? =There used to be a cinema here, didnt there? You used to smoke a pipe, use(d)nt/didnt you? 你过去一向是抽烟斗的，对不对?（4）be used to表示“习惯于”，其中used是形容词，to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词，可用于不同的时态。如： Youre used to hearing words of praise. 你是听好话听惯了。（5）主语+be used to+动词原形 表示“主语被用于做某事”。如：Wood is used to make paper. 木柴可用于造纸。be supposed to/ought to（应该）的用法（1）被期望或被要求（按规则惯例等）做某事:Youre supposed to pay the bill by Friday.Were not supposed to tell anyone. Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? was/were supposed to+动词原形= ia/are supposed to+have+过去分词，表示“本该做了某事 (而实际未做)”。如：You were supposed to come to the meeting yesterday, but you didnt.= You are supposed to have come to the meeting yesterday, but you didnt. 注意：She is supposed to have a lot of money. 人们认为她很有钱（未必属实）。（2）(口) (用于否定句中) 获准做某事（=be allowed to do sth.）Youre not supposed to play football in the classroom. ought to的用法ought not的否定式为ought not to；缩约式为oughtnt to。（1）表示责任或义务We ought to start at once. 我们应当马上动身。Such things ought not to be allowed. 这类事不该容许。Ought I to write to say thank you? Yes, I think you ought (to). （2）表示劝告或推荐You ought to improve your English before going to work in America. 你应该把英语学好些再去美国工作。（3）作推测性的结论If he started at nine, he ought to be here by now. 要是他九点出发, 现在该到这儿了。That ought to be enough food for all of us. 那些该够我们大家吃的了。be going to（将要/即将）的用法（1）表计划、安排、打算做某事Peter and Alice are going to get married next week. （2）表即将要发生的事 Oh, no！He is going to fall. 糟糕！他要摔下去了。（3）表根据某种迹象作出的判断 Look at the sky! Its going to rain. be about to（马上/即将）的用法be about to（马上/即将）不与特定将来时间（如tomorrow, next week）连用。She was about to dish up when some guests came. 她刚要上菜开饭，这时来了一些客人。As she was about to speak, I frowned her down. 她刚要开口，我就皱皱眉示意她别出声。be able/unable to（能/不能）的用法A good lawyer might be able to get you off. 请位好律师有可能使你免受追究。be likely to（可能）的用法The boss said we were likely to work overtime today. 老板说我们今天很可能要加班。二、考点精练单项选择1. (2012浙江) I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or _ his job.A, quits B, to quit C, quitting D, quit2, （2012江西）Never before _ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.A. had she B. she had C. has she D. he has3. （2011湖南）Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours _ a decision.A. they reached B. did they reach C. they reach D. do they reach 4 （2011辽宁）- What are you doing out of bed, Tom? You are _ to be asleep.A. supposed B. known C. thought D. considered5. （2011安徽）-We got here Tuesday afternoon. -_. Why didnt you call us earlier? A. Good luck! B. You did? C. Its no surprise.D. You are welcome6. （2010四川）If you have a job, _ yourself to it and finally youll succeedA. do devote B. dont devote C. devoting D. not devoting7. （2010湖南）You _ buy a gift, but you can if you want to.A. must B. mustnt C. have to D. dont have to 8.（2009江苏） - Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while