江苏高考考纲词汇精讲--名词.doc

第一章 名词ability n. 能力拓展：a man of ability 有才干的人 have the/an ability to do sth. 有能力做某事我向你保证我有能力解决这个问题。I assure you that I have the ability to solve the problem.absence n. 不在；缺席拓展：in ones absence 某人不在/缺席access n. 接近；进入；利用拓展：have access to 可接近；可进入；可利用在旧社会，出身贫寒的人很少有受教育的机会。In the old society, people from poor families had little access to education.accident n. 意外事件；事故拓展：by accident/chance 偶然地；意外地 traffic/car accident 交通事故/车祸 account n. 叙述，报导；账目；说明；解释；理由；考虑 拓展：take. into account 把考虑在内在你做决定之前请考虑一下我的感受。Please take my feelings into account before you make any decision. on account of 由于 on no account 绝不 open an account 开户头achievement n. 成就，成绩拓展：make great achievements in 在中取得巨大成就他早在二十多岁就已经在工程学领域取得了巨大成就。In his twenties, he had already made great achievements in engineering.action n. 行动拓展：take action 采取行动必须采取行动以减少台风带来的损失。Immediate action must be taken to reduce the losses caused by the typhoon.addition n. 加；加法拓展：in addition 此外 in addition to 除之外（还）（to为介词）一般说来，一个人除了工作，还需要一些娱乐活动。Generally speaking, one needs some entertainments in addition to his work.advance n. 前进；进步拓展：in advance 预先，事先那出歌剧一票难求，你最好提前预定两张。It is difficult to get even a single ticket for the opera, so youd better book two in advance.advantage n. 有利条件，优点；优势 拓展：take full advantage of （充分）利用；趁机利用充分利用太阳能是节约能源的途径之一。Taking full advantage of solar energy is one of the ways to save energy.他利用她人好心软，三番五次向她借钱。He took advantage of her kindness to borrow money from her repeatedly. advantage over 对的优势他的大学教育使得他在找工作时比别人有优势。His college education made him have an advantage over others when he looked for a job. to ones advantage 对某人有利advice n. U劝告，忠告，建议拓展：a piece of advice 一条建议 take/follow ones advice 听从某人的建议他很少听从别人的建议，总是我行我素。He seldom follow others advice, and always behaves in his own way.affair n. 事情，事务（一般指私事或公事）拓展：private/family/foreign affairs 私事/家事/外交事务age n. 年龄；时代 拓展：at/beyond/under the age of 在/超过/不到岁 at an early age 年幼时 for ones age 论年龄 look ones age 看起来与年龄相符 for ages 很长时间agency n. 代理处拓展：travel/news agency 旅行社/新闻社aid n. 帮助；辅助物 拓展：first aid 急救 audio-visual aids 视听教具air n. 空气；气氛；航空拓展：in the air 在空中 on the air 在广播 by air 乘飞机（=by plane）airport n. 机场拓展：at the airport 在机场alarm n. 警报（器）；闹钟拓展：fire alarm 火警警报（器）album n. （照相本、集邮本等）粘贴薄；唱片集，专辑拓展：photo/stamp album 相册/集邮薄answer n. 回答；回复拓展：answer to the question/ letter 问题的回答/信的回复apology n. 道歉拓展：make an apology to sb. 为向某人道歉appetite n. 食欲拓展：have a good/ poor appetite 胃口好/不好 have no appetite for sth. 没胃口吃某物他生病了，没有胃口吃饭。Since he is ill, he has no appetite for dinner.appliance n. 器具拓展：electrical/household appliances 电气制品/家电appointment n. 约会；任命，委任拓展：have an appointment with sb. 与某人有约会今天下午我没空，我和牙医有约。I am not free this afternoon because I have an appointment with my dentist.make an appointment with sb. to do sth. 与某人约好做某事我和杰克约定七点钟在入口处碰面。I made an appointment with Jack to meet at the entrance at 7.arm n. 臂；前肢；（总称，用s）武器拓展：hold. in ones arms 怀里抱着；拥抱 arm in arm 臂挽着臂 in arms 武装着（的）arrangement n.（常-s）安排拓展：make an arrangement for 为做安排我们应该为电影节早作筹备以使其取得圆满成功。We should make early arrangements for the film festival so that it can achieve a complete success.arrival n. 到达拓展：on（ones）arrival（at/in sp.） （某人）一到（某地）就一到澳大利亚，他就打电话向父母报平安。On arrival in Australia, he called to inform his parents of his safety.aspect n. 方面拓展：in all respects 在各方面assistant n. 助手，助理拓展：shop assistant 店员，售货员attention n. 注意（力）拓展：pay attention to 注意（to为介词）在发展经济的同时，我们必须注意节约资源和防止污染。While developing economy, we must pay attention to saving resources and preventing pollution.draw/attract/catch/get/capture ones attention 吸引某人的注意力draw ones attention to 吸引某人的注意力到上（to为介词）他要我注意疏忽的地方。He drew my attention to the point I had overlooked.hold ones attention 保持某人的注意力attract worldwide attention 举世瞩目without attracting public attention 默默无闻attitude n. 态度拓展：attitude towards 对的态度出乎意料的是，他对我们采取友善的态度。Unexpectedly, he took a friendly attitude towards us.attraction n. 吸引（力）；有吸引力的事物（或人）拓展：tourist attraction 旅游胜地audience n. 观众；听众；读者拓展：a large/small audience 许多/少量观众back n. 背（部）；背面；后面 拓展：at the back of 在的后面 behind ones back 在某人背后，背地里balance n. 平衡 拓展：keep the balance of nature 保持生态平衡 upset/disturb/destroy the balance of nature 破坏生态平衡 keep a balance between work and play 劳逸结合barber n. 理发师拓展：the barbers 理发店base n. 基地；地基，基座拓展：base.on 把放在基础之上我们应该以事实为基础发表观点，而不是盲目赞成或反对。We should base our opinion on the facts instead of approving or disapproving blindly. be based on 以为基础这部以真人真事为原型的电影很感人。The movie based on a true story is very moving.basis n. 基础拓展：on the basis of 以为基础根据那些事实，我们可以得出下面的结论。On the basis of those facts, we can reach the following conclusion.bathing n. 洗澡；游泳拓展：bathing suit 游泳衣beach n. 海滨；海滩拓展：at/on the beachbed n. 床拓展：go to bed 上床睡觉 be (ill) in bed 卧（病）在床 make a/the/ones bed 铺床beginning n. 开始；开端拓展：at the beginning of 在之初 from the beginning 从一开始 from beginning to end 从头到尾，自始至终being n. 存在；人，生物拓展：human being 人 come into being 形成bell n. 铃，钟拓展：ring the bell 按铃belt n. 带子；皮带；腰带拓展：seat/safety belt 安全带birth n. 出生，诞生；产生拓展：give birth to 生；产生 bit n. 一点儿（用于指代不可数名词）拓展：a bit 一点儿（修饰名词时用a bit of） not a bit 一点也不 bit by bit 逐渐的 do ones bit 尽自己的一份力量 board n. 板，木板；船舷；董事会拓展：notice board 布告栏 on board 在船（飞机、车）上body n. 身体，躯体；尸体拓展：body language 肢体语言bottom n. 底（部）拓展：at the bottom of 在的底部 from the bottom of ones heart 从心底里，发自内心的 breath n. 呼吸拓展：out of breath 喘不过气来 lose ones breath 喘不过气来 hold ones breath 屏息brigade n. （执行特别任务的）队拓展：fire brigade 消防队burden n. 负荷；负担拓展：bear/carry/shoulder the burden of 担负起的重任business n. 商业；生意；工作；商店，公司拓展：business hour 营业时间 on business 因公出差 do business 做生意 none of your business 不关你的事 businessman（men）（n.）商人button n. 纽扣；按钮拓展：press the button 按按钮cake n. 蛋糕；饼，糕拓展：a piece of cake 小菜一碟，容易做的事calculator n. 计算器拓展：pocket calculator 袖珍计算机camera n. 照相机；（=video camera）摄像机拓展：digital camera 数码相机camp n. 野营；营地 拓展：go camping 去露营campus n. 校园拓展：on campus 在校园内card n. 卡片拓展：play cards 玩牌care n. 照顾；关心；小心拓展：take care of 照顾非常感谢你把我女儿照顾得很好。I am very grateful to you for taking good care of my daughter.take care （not to do） 小心，注意（不要）career n. 生涯；职业，事业拓展：follow a. career 从事职业case n. 情况；（常the ）实情；事例；案件；病例拓展：in case （连）以免；万一（从句用一般现在时或should） （副）以防万一我会待在宾馆，以防有电话。Ill stay in the hotel in case there is a telephone call.in case of 万一（一般位于句首）遇上火灾，请拨119。In case of fire, please dial 119.in any case 无论如何in no case 绝不as is often the case 这是常有的事cash n. 现金 拓展：pay in cash 付现金cat n. 猫拓展：下着倾盆大雨。It rains cats and dogs.century n. 世纪拓展：in the 21st century 在21世纪ceremony n. 仪式，典礼拓展：opening/closing ceremony 开/闭幕式 wedding/graduation/award ceremony 婚礼/毕业典礼/颁奖典礼chain n. 链条；一系列，一连串拓展：chain store 连锁店challenge n. 挑战 拓展：meet the challenge 迎接挑战championship n. 冠军称号拓展：win the championship 赢得冠军头衔chance n. 机会，机遇；可能性拓展：chance to do/of doing 做的机会这次歌咏比赛给了我一次千载难逢的机会挑战自我。The singing competition provides me with a rare chance to challenge myself.catch/seize/grasp a chance 抓住机会miss a chance 错过机会(The) chances are （that）. 很可能如果他得到及时的治疗，很可能在一个星期内康复。Chances are that he will recover in a week if he receives timely treatment.character n. 特征；性格；角色，人物；文字拓展：Chinese character 汉字 be characterized by 以为特征charge n. 掌管；费用；充电；谴责；控告 拓展：in charge of 负责，掌管in the charge of = in ones charge 由负责、掌管经理不在的时候，由Robert负责你的部门。While the manager is away, Robert will be in charge of your apartment.While the manager is away, your department will be in the charge of Robert.take charge of 负责，掌管free of charge 免费charge sb. with 谴责/控告某人chemist n. 化学家；药剂师，药商拓展：the chemists 药房chess n. 国际象棋拓展：play chess 下棋chief n. 首领，领袖；上司 拓展：the chief engineer/editor/cook 总工程师/总编/主厨child n. （pl.children）孩子拓展：Childrens Day 儿童节childhood n. 童年，幼年拓展：in ones childhood 在童年chip n. （常s）炸土豆条（片）拓展：fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆条choice n. 选择，抉择拓展：have no choice but to do 别无选择，只得当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只得求助于游客。At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourtist for help.make a choice 做选择Christmas n. 圣诞节拓展：at Christmas 在圣诞节期间on Christmas（day） 在圣诞节那天on Christmas Eve 在平安夜Father Christmas 圣诞老人（= Santa Claus）church n. 教堂；（常Church）教会拓展：go to church 去做礼拜cinema n. 电影院拓展：go to the cinema 去看电影circumstance n. （常s）情况拓展：under/in no circumstance 绝不class n. 班级；课；等级；阶级，阶层拓展：in/after class 在课上/下课后first/economy class 头等舱/经济舱the upper/middle/lower class 上流阶层/中产阶级/下层阶级first-class（adj.）一流的；（交通工具的）头等的clock n. 钟拓展：around/round the clock 24小时连续不断地clothing n. （总称）衣服拓展：clothing shop 服装店coast n. 海岸拓展：on the coast 在沿岸 off the coast 在海上 coastal（adj.）海岸的coin n. 硬币拓展：Every coin has two sides. 凡事都有两面性。collection n. 收集；收藏品的集合拓展：have a large collection of 收藏了大量的command n. 命令；指挥；掌握拓展：have a good command of 精通希望这里的志愿者都要精通英语。All the volunteers here are expected to hane a good command of Epany n. 公司；陪伴拓展：keep sb. company 陪伴某人老人感到很孤独，所以养了一只狗来陪伴他。The old man felt lonely, so he raised a dog to keep him plaint n. 抱怨；投诉拓展：make a complaint about/that 抱怨/投诉conclusion n. 结论；结束拓展：draw/reach/arrive at/come to a conclusion 获得结论他们总是为争论而争论，从为获得实际的结论。They always argue for arguments sake and never reach a practical conclusion. make a conclusion 下结论我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。We will have a further discussion before we make a final conclusion.condition n. 条件；（常s）状况 拓展：be in good/poor condition 状况良好/糟糕我们不需要买新车，我的那辆旧车还很好。I dont need to buy a new car as my old one is still in good condition. working/living conditions 工作/生活状况 on condition that （连）在条件下，假如 on no condition 绝不confidence n. 信心拓展：have/lack/lose confidence in 对有/缺乏/失去信心在他对自己有了信心之后，他在学习上取得了很多进步。After he had confidence in himself , he made great progress in study. have confidence to do sth. 有信心做某事congratulation n. 祝贺，道喜拓展：congratulation on 对的祝贺conscience n. 良心拓展：have/with a clear conscience 无愧于心contact n. 接触；联系 拓展：keep in contact with sb. 与某人保持联系 get in contact with sb. 与某人取得联系他一到上海就和我们取得了联系。He got in contact with us as soon as he arrived in Shanghai. be in contact with sb. 与某人有联系 be out of contact with sb. 与某人失去联系（表状态） lose contact with sb. 与某人失去联系（表动作） make contact with sb. = contact sb. 联络某人如有疑问，可随时通过电话或电子邮件和我们联系。If there is any doubt, you can contact us by phone or by email at any time. eye contact 眼神交流content n. 满足，满意拓展：to ones hearts content 尽情地contrary n. 相反 拓展：on the contrary 正相反在我看来，这幅画并不难看；相反，我觉得它很漂亮。The picture doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it is very beautiful. contrary to （介）与相反与他原来的期待相反，做这个工作需要经常出国。Contrary to what he expected, doing this job involves often going abroad.contrast n. 对比，对照拓展：by/in contrast 相比之下 in contrast with/to 与形式对比，与比起来 a sharp contrast 鲜明的对比contribution n. 贡献；捐献拓展：make contributions to 对做贡献（to为介词）这些残疾人渴望为社区贡献自己的一份力量。These disabled people long to make their own contributions to the community.control n. (-ll-) 控制拓展：under control 在控制下火势最终被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损害。The fire was finally brought under control, but had still caused great damage.在卫生部门的控制下，这一疾病停止了传播。Under the control of the health department, the disease stopped spreading. out of control = beyond control 无法控制一架飞往纽约的飞机失控了，坠落在机场附近。A plane flying to New York was out of control and crashed near the airport.convenience n. 方便拓展：at your (earliest) convenience 在你方便的时候（尽早）拓展：convenience food/store 便利食品/便利店corner n. 角落；困境 拓展：in the corner of （室内）在的角落 at the corner of （室外）在的角落 around/round the corner 在转弯处；即将来临cost n. 费用；成本；代价，牺牲拓展：at the cost of 以为代价我们不能以牺牲健康为代价去追求事业上的成功。We cant strive for success in our career at the cost of our health. at all costs = at any cost 不惜一切代价，不惜任何代价 the cost of living 生活费cough n. 咳嗽拓展：have a bad cough = cough badly 咳得厉害country n. 国家；乡下；农村拓展：in the country = in the countryside 在乡下，在农村couple n. 一对一，一双；夫妇拓展：a couple of 两个，一对；几个courage n. 勇气拓展：have/lack/lose the courage to do sth. 有/缺乏/失去做某事的勇气他缺乏当众承认错误的勇气。He lacked the courage to admit his mistake in public.get up courage 鼓起勇气course n. 过程；课程；路线，航线拓展：of course 当然 a matter of course 理所当然之事 in the course of 在的过程中在孩子成长过程中，父母不能忽视他在交什么样的朋友。In the course of the growth of a child, parents mustnt neglect what kinds of friends he is making.take a course in 选读一门课程crash n. （飞机的）坠毁；（汽车的）碰撞；轰响声拓展：air/plane crash 空难credit n. 信用；贷款，赊账；存款拓展：pay by credit card 以信用卡付款crime n. 犯罪行为拓展：commit a crime 犯罪danger n. 危险拓展：in danger （of.） 处于（的）危险中他仍然昏迷不醒，随时有生命危险。He remains unconscious and is in danger of losing his life at any moment.out of danger 脱离危险dawn n. 黎明，天亮拓展：at dawn 天亮时day n. 天，日子；白天；时代拓展：to this day 至今（与现在完成时连用）every day 每天（everyday作形容词用，表示“日常的”）one day （过去或未来的）某一天some day （未来的）某一天the other day 前几天these days 近来，这些天the day before 前一天the day before yesterday 前天the day after tomorrow 后天all day（long）一整天day after day 日复一日day by day 一天天地day and night 日以继夜daylight n. 日光；日间拓展：in broad daylight 大白天里，光天化日之下daytime n. 白天拓展：in the daytime 在白天deadline n. 最后期限拓展：meet the deadline 赶上截止日期debt n. 欠债，债务拓展：be in debt 欠债在农村，因为孩子的教育支出，许多父母负债累累。In the country side, many parents are in heavy debt because of the expenses of their childrens education.decision n. 决定拓展：make a decision 做决定请尽早作出决定，不然你会坐失良机。Please make a decision as early as possible, or youll miss the good chance.deed n. 事情；行为拓展：do good deeds 做好事degree n. 程度；度数；学位拓展：to a certain degree 在某种程度上a doctors/masters/bachelors degree 博士/硕士/学士学位department n. 部门；（大学的）系拓展：department store 百货商店description n. 描述，形容拓展：beyond description/words/expression 难以描述，无法形容detail n. 细节拓展：in detail 详细地development n. 发展；开发拓展：with the（fast/rapid） development of 随着的（快速）发展随着现代技术的高速发展，良药不再苦口。With the fast development of modern technology, good medicine doesnt taste bitter any longer.diary n. 日记，日志拓展：keep a diary 记日记dictionary n. 词典，字典拓展：turn to/refer to/consult the dictionary 查字典look up.in the dictionary 在字典中查阅阅读时，你不必遇到生词就查字典。You neednt look up every new word you come across in reading.walking dictionary （指人）活字典diet n. 饮食拓展：on a diet 节食a（well-）balanced diet （营养）均衡的膳食difference n. 差别，不同（之处）拓展：make a difference 产生差别，有影响mean the difference between life and death 生死攸关difficulty n. 困难拓展：have difficulty/trouble （in） doing 做某事有困难我认为你找到男生宿舍不会有困难。I dont think you have any trouble finding the boys dormitory.without any difficulty 毫无困难的按警察的指示，他毫不费力的找到了市政府。Following the policemans directions, he found the city government without any difficulty.direction n. 方向；（s）指示，说明；指导拓展：in the directions of 朝着的方向在第二个十字路口，我们分道扬镳了。At the second crossroads, we went in different directions.in/from all directions 向/从四面八方follow the directions/instructions 遵照指示、说明disappointment n. 失望，扫兴拓展：to ones disappointment 令某人失望的是令她失望的是，他想买的连衣裙没有她要的颜色和尺码。To her disappointment, the dress she wanted to buy was not available in her color and size.discussion n. 讨论拓展：have a discussion about/on sth.= discuss sth. 讨论某事物同学们正在热烈讨论是否有必要穿校服。The students are having a heated discussion about whether they should wear school uniforms.display n. 展示；陈列拓展：on display 陈列着，展览着distance n. 距离拓展：in the distance 在远处at a distance 隔开一段距离from a distance 由远处doctor n. 医生拓展：see a doctor 看医生 the doctors 诊所door n. 门拓展：from door to door 挨家挨户（作状语，位于名词前作定语时用door-to-door） next door (to.) 在（的）隔壁 at the door 在门口dozen n. 一打，十二个拓展：three dozen eggs 三打鸡蛋 dozens of 几十个 by the dozen/hour 按打/小时计算drain n. 排水沟；消耗 拓展：be a great drain on 极大地消耗了这场战争极大地消耗了美国的资源和财富。The war was a great drain on the resources and wealth of America.dream n. 梦；梦想 拓展：realize/achieve ones dream 实现某人的梦想“神舟五号”圆了中国人的飞天梦。“Shenzhou V” realized the Chinese peoples dream of flying into the space.drink n. 饮料拓展：soft drink 软饮料（不含酒精的饮料） hard/strong drink 烈酒drug n. C 药物；麻醉品；毒品拓展：take drugs 吸毒dusk n. 黄昏拓展：at dusk 在黄昏duty n. 职责；责任拓展：on/off duty 值班/不值班 do ones duty/part 尽职earth n. 地球；陆地；土拓展：on the earth 在地球上 on earth 在世上，在人间（加强最高级）；究竟，到底（用于疑问词后）我不知道他究竟为什么辞去了这样一份高薪的工作。I wonder why on earth he has quit such a well-paid job. economy n. 经济拓展：economy class 经济舱edition n. 版，版本拓展：a cheap edition 廉价本 a popular edition 普及本education n. 教育拓展：receive a higher/college education 接受高等教育，接受大学教育effect n. 影响；效果；（法律的）效力拓展：have an effect/effects on 对有影响/效果这种药物对治疗咳嗽有立竿见影的效果。The medicine has an immediate effect on cough. the effects of A on B A对B的影响/效果近年来，旅游业对环境的影响引起了人们的关注。In recent years, the effects of tourism on the environment have attracted peoples attention. cause and effect 因果（关系） bring/carry/put. into effect 实施（法律等） come/go into effect （法律等）开始实施，开始生效 take effect 生效；奏效 side effect （药物等的）副作用effort n. 努力拓展：make great efforts to do sth. 努力做某事为了与时俱进，专家们正在改进教科书。To keep pace with the times, the experts are making great efforts to improve the textbooks. make every effort to do sth. = s