动词不定式与动名词区别与联系.doc

动词不定式与动名词的用法及区别学案编制人：布凡（动词不定式）关敏（动名词） 复查人：武长缨（一）不定式1.不定式的基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形（如to write）所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体（如to be writing, to have written）也有被动态（如to be write），所有的动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形态。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2.不定式的用法一、作主语动词不定式作主语可位于句首。例如：To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.也可使用it作形式主语，而将其置于句末。例如：It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language.动词不定式作主语的常用句型有：1. It isadj./ n. (for sb.sth.) to do sth.用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如：It is interesting to play this game.It is necessary for you to change your job. It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time.考例1：Is _ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (88 MET) A. now B. man C. that D. it用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, ones duty, onesjob, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如：What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderfulfilm. It is good manners for the young to give their seatsto the old. 2. It isadj.of sb.to do sth. 该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词，如：kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。例如：How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue!It is friendly of the family to try to make me feelat home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a goodchance！3. It takes sb.some timeto do sth. 该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。例如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 二、作表语 动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is及The next step/ measure is 等。例如：Your job is to type the papers in the office.The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.三、作宾语常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。 例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities.She offered to help me when I was in trouble.believe, think, consider, feel, make等动词可用于“动词+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。例如：I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work.She felt it her duty to help the old woman.四、作宾补 可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, hear, order, see, tell, want, wish, watch等。例如：The doctor advised her no to eat too much sugar.I wish you to go to the meeting with me.believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等动词后可接to be型不定式作宾补。例如：He declared himself to be a college student. 他自称是名大学生。The police proved him to be a thief. 警察局证实他是小偷。 hope, demand, suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。例如：【误】I hope my son to be back soon.【正】I hope my son will be back soon.【误】She suggests us to have a discussion about it.【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it.【正】She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“两听”(hear, listen to)“一感觉”(feel)。例如：Who made him work all night long?但是，改为被动结构后，应补出省略的to。例如：He was seen to break the window.五、作定语动词不定式作定语，应位于所修饰词语之后，即：作后置定语。不定式结构作定语主要有三种类型： 第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如： There was really nothing to fear. He gave me an interesting book to read. 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如： Mary needs a friend to play with. That girl bas nothing to worry about. They have a strict teacher to listen to. Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on. 第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语。例如： Have you got a key to unlock door? The action to be taken is correct. There is nothing to be gained by pretending. 第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词，如ability, attempt, impulse, inclination, wish等。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her. I have no wish to quarrel with you. Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.六、作状语动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。原因状语： They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area. =They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area. He was lucky to arrive before dark. 作目的状语： She raised her voice to be heard better. =She raised her voice so that she could be heard better. We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam. =We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam. 作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians. He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. =He got to the station and was told that the train had gone.作目的状语，还可以使用in order to或so as to。例如：The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.结果状语还可以使用enough to, tooto, soas to, such as to等结构。例如：He got up too late to miss the early bus.She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致没有注意到我。3.动词不定式的否定式Tellhim not toshutthewindow ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题 1）Tellhim_thewindow. A.toshutnotB.nottoshutC.tonotshutD.notshut 答案：B。tellsbtodosth的否定形式为tellsbnottodosth. 2)Shepretended_mewhenIpassedby. A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen 答案：A。pretend后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretendnottodosth.。 3)Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter_afterdrinking. A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriverC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive 答案：A。warnsbtodosth.的否定形式为warnsbnottodosth.此处用的是否定词never. 4)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet，buthismothertoldhim_. A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto 答案：A。notto为nottodoit的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。 5)Thepatientwaswarned_oilyfoodaftertheoperation. A.toeatnoB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating 答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为bewarnednottodo。4.不定式的时态和语法时态语态主动 被动 一般式todotobedone 进行式tobedoing 完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone 完成进行式tohavebeendoing 1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 Heseemstoknowthis. Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatIllseeyouagain.我希望再见到你。 2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble. Heseemstohavecaughtacold. 3)进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 Heseemstobeeatingsomething. 4)完成进行时： Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.5)当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如： For twelve years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorcas name to be mentioned and his work to be published. The snow was supposed to have blown off the mountain.5.不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto太以至于 Heistooexcitedtospeak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 -CanIhelpyou? 需要我帮忙吗? -Well,Imafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。 2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为不太。 Itsnevertoolatetomend.(谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3)当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常等于very。 Imonlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.我非常高兴能帮助你。 Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。 不定式的特殊句型soasto1）表示目的；它的否定式是soasnottodo。 Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2)sokindasto-劳驾 Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime? 劳驾，现在几点了。 不定式的特殊句型WhynotWhynot+动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不?干吗不? 例如： Whynottakeaholiday? 干吗不去度假?6.不带to的不定式的使用 动词不定式通常带to，但有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式： 1）在can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, need, dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。 2）在表示感觉意义的动词，如see, feel, watch, notice, smell, hear, observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have, let, make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：I often heard him say that he would study hard. I must have him see his own mistakes. 但是，当这类结构转移为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to 不定式。 例如： He was often heard to say that be would study hard. After he had finished speaking, he was made to answer innumerable questions. 3）在动词help之后可用不带to和不定式，也可用带to 的不定式。例如： Help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box. 4）在had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to 。例如： Unless you feel too ill to go out, I would rather not stay at home tonight. She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour. 5）在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, hear, say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如： They let go of the rope。他们松开了绳子。 john let fly a torrent of abuse at me。约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。 Ive heard tell of him。我听说过他。 Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students.由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。 6）在介词but, except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如： He will do anything except work on the farm. There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender. The spy was both hungry and cold; there was nothing left for him but to give in. I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining. 下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to： can not help but, can not choose but, can not but, do nothing but, have nothing to do but。例如： I can not but admire his courage. 如果上述句中有do，to省略： I did nothing but watch TV last night. 如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.7.疑问词不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语）Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语）I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语）The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语）以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leavehow I could learn 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。 8. 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义通常情况下，动词不定式的主动形式表示主动意义，被动形式表示被动意义。但在某些情况下，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。请看下列几种结构：1. 在“主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 宾语 + to do ”结构中，动词不定式与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，句子的主语与动词不定式又有逻辑上的主谓关系。因此，用动词不定式的主动形式可以表示被动意义。例如：She has a meeting to attend. 她有一个会议要参加。宾语 a meeting 与动词不定式 to attend 有逻辑上的动宾关系，主语 She 与动词不定式 to attend 又有逻辑上的主谓关系，故用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。又如：The man has a large family to support. 这个人要养活一大家子人。2. 在“主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + to do ”结构中，动词不定式与直接宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。因此，也可以用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：Ill give him some books to read. 我要给他一些书看看。直接宾语 some books 是动词不定式 to read 的逻辑宾语，间接宾语 him 是动词不定式 to read 的逻辑主语。又如：He set us a good example to follow. 他为我们树立了学习的好榜样。3. 在“主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 宾语 + 宾补 + to do ”结构中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，而句子的主语可能是动词不定式的逻辑主语，也可能不是。此时，也用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：I found the fellow hard to get along with. 我发现那家伙很难相处。He made his lessons easy to understand. 他的课让人容易理解。the fellow 是 to get along with 的逻辑宾语， I 是 to get along with 的逻辑主语。 his lessons 是 to understand 的逻辑宾语， He 不是 to understand 的逻辑主语。4. 在“主语 + 谓语（系动词） + 表语（形容词） + to do ”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质。该结构中常用的形容词有： easy ， hard ， difficult ， important ， impossible ， interesting ， pleasant ， nice ， comfortable ， safe ， dangerous ， cheap ， fit ， heavy 等。例如：Good novels are interesting to read. 好的小说读起来有意思。This question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易回答。5. 动词不定式前面可以加上疑问代词构成“疑问代词 + to do ”结构。在这个结构中，尽管动词不定式与疑问代词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，却用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The question is what to do next. 问题是下一步做什么。I dont know what measures to take to solve this difficult problem.我不知道该采取什么措施来解决这一难题。6. 在“ There be ”句型中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时，用动词不定式的主动形式。如果强调事情本身必须要做时，则用动词不定式的被动形式。例如：There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要（人）去做。（需要人去做工作）There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多工作要做。（工作需要被做）7. 在“ This/That is + 名词 + to do ”结构中，如果动词不定式与名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，则用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：This is a hard question to answer. 这是一个很难回答的问题。That is a nice place to visit. 那是一个很好的参观地点。（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 2动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like （4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 动词不定式与动名词区别与联系1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 4） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：1stop to do/stop doing2 forget to do/forget doing 3remember to do/remember doing4 regret to do/regret doing 5cease to do/cease doing6 try to do/try doing 7go on to do/go on doing8 afraid to do/afraid doing 9interested to do/interested doing10 mean to do/mean doing 11 begin/ start to dobegin/ start doing1 forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。2 stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。3 remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to doB. to be doingC.to have doneD.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。5 cease doing/to docease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 try doing/to dotry to do努力，企图做某事。try doing试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7 go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕；be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9 be interested doing/to dointerested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法