固定式爬梯的安全要求.doc

Asia-Pacific Health and Safety DepartmentSafety Requirements on Fixed Access Ladder固定式爬梯的安全要求Ref. Page : 15of15 Safety Requirements on Fixed Access Ladders固定式爬梯的安全要求Version版本Designed by起草Approved by批准Date日期Initial Version (V1.0)第一版Jack KUANGGildas CLOCHARD19/12/2008INTRODUCTION介绍On Veolia Water project sites, fixed ladders will be used to provide access and egress to manholes, water tanks, valve and meter chambers, roof of buildings, etc. Fixed access ladder systems that are designed and constructed in accordance with safety requirements can intrinsically prevent incidents especially falls to occur while operators are ascending or descending the ladders. However, access and egress to these ladders is often the worse point as far as safety is concerned.在威立雅水务的项目现场上，固定式爬梯被用来作为提供进出人孔井、水池、阀门和仪表井，以及上下房顶的通道。严格按照安全要求来设计并安装的固定式爬梯，能在本质上预防事故尤其是人员上下爬梯时发生的坠落事故。当然，仅有一个好的爬梯还不足以预防事故，人员上下爬梯时的不安全行为更是发生安全事故的薄弱环节。GENERAL REQUIREMENTS一般要求1. Fixed access ladders must be designed, constructed and maintained so as not to endanger climbers, and must be capable of withstanding all loads to which they may be subjected.固定式爬梯必须由专人设计、施工和维护以不对使用者构成威胁，爬梯必须能足以承受符合它的使用目的的重量。1) Structural design, including attachment methods should be performed by a professional structural engineer.爬梯的结构设计包括组装方法必须由专业工程师完成。2) The minimum design live load shall be a single concentrated load of 200 pounds (90kg, by OSHA).最小设计集中活负荷为90公斤（美国职业安全健康协会标准）。3) A safety factor of at least 4:1 should be applied in designing components for normal usage, and at least 10:1 for components supporting fall arresting systems.在设计爬梯构件时，对于一般用途的爬梯要求达到4倍安全系数，对于需要安装防坠系统的构件，要求达到10倍安全系数。2. All parts and surfaces of fixed ladder installations must be free of sharp edges, burrs, or other details that may be hazardous to the person using the ladder.爬梯的所有部件的表面不得有锋利的边角、毛刺或者其他可能伤害使用者的状态。3. Prevention of unauthorized access may be achieved only by methods which do not compromise the safety or structural integrity of the ladder. For example:可以通过适当的方式来防止爬梯在未经授权的情况下使用，但是这些方式不能对爬梯的安全性和结构的整体性产生影响。1) A smooth panel (blanking plate) may be locked over the lower rungs (see good example below).可以用一块平板（盲板)遮挡住爬梯的下部横档，并上锁。（参看下图所示的好例子。）2) The bottom portion of an existing ladder must not be cut off to prevent unauthorized people to climb it (bad example below). 不能通过切除爬梯的下面一段的方法来预防未经授权的人使用爬梯（参看下图所示的不好的例子。）4. Design, condition and surface finish of rungs and side rails must permit secure foothold and handhold. Avoid highly polished surfaces which may become slippery, especially when wet. Avoid designs having rungs with sloping upper surfaces (a condition which may occur when a step-ladder is converted into a fixed ladder). 爬梯的横档和两侧扶手的设计和安装必须满足稳当地落脚和安全地抓握的要求。5. Roof access hatches served by fixed ladders must be at least 550mm by 900mm. 爬梯直通房顶时，要求房顶开口的尺寸最小为550mm x 900mm。(Roof hatch served by fixed ladder固定式爬梯直通房顶)6. When oversized clothing or equipment is anticipated (e.g. self contained breathing apparatus), the ladder design should take such needs into consideration. However, dimensional extremes should be avoided to ensure that the ladder remains suitable for normal use.如果爬梯使用者可能需要背负尺寸较大的装备（如呼吸保护器等），设计爬梯时应当考虑这些要求。但是，同时要考虑正常情况下，使用爬梯的舒适性。7. Materials of construction shall be compatible with intended conditions of use. For example:爬梯的材料应当与它的使用目的相一致。如：n Aluminium ladders must not be used in caustic environments. 铝合金梯子不能在腐蚀性的环境中使用。n Wood should never be used for fixed ladders. 木料不能用来制作固定式爬梯。8. If the distance from the top of a parapet to the roof-top exceeds one rung-space (i.e. max. 300mm), a mean of climbing to and from the top of the parapet should be provided. 如果房顶上的围墙顶端与房顶之间的距离大于一步爬梯横档的距离（300mm），需要提供适当的方式供人员从围墙顶爬过去。9. Fixed ladders should not be located in areas where the atmosphere creates or contributes to unsafe conditions. For example: 固定式爬梯不应安装在空气可能导致不安全状况的区域。如：n Where ice may build up or steam may condense on a ladder. 可能导致梯子上结冰或积聚冷凝水的地方。n Where oil or grease laden air is present, such as in a cooking area. 空气中充满油脂的地方，如厨房。RUNGS横档1. The top of the uppermost rung of a ladder must be levelled with the top of the access/egress level or landing platform served by the ladder. Where there is a parapet, the access/egress level would be the roof if the parapet is cut to permit passage through the parapet. However, if the parapet is continuous, the access/egress level would be the top of the parapet.爬梯上最高的一根横档应当与着陆平台的高度持平。如果房顶上的围墙（或围栏）在爬梯处留有通道口，那么爬梯的最高横档应与房顶齐平，如果围墙（或围栏）上没有留下通道口，那么爬梯的最高横档应与围墙（或围栏）顶部一样高。爬梯上最高的横档与着陆点在相同高度 2. In the case of a ladder below a manhole (underground chamber or valve pit), the top rung of the ladder must be as high as reasonably possible. (Enough space shall be remained for replacement of the cover of the manhole). 如果梯子位于人孔井里面 （地下阀门井等），爬梯上最高的横档应当尽可能接近地面。（但要留下足够放下井盖的空间。）3. All rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 20mm. 爬梯横档的最小直径不小于20mm。4. The distance between rungs and steps shall not exceed 300mm and shall be uniform throughout the length of the ladder.爬梯上每两步横档之间的距离不应超过300mm，且整根爬梯上的步距应当相同。5. The minimum clear length of rungs shall be 400mm.每根横档的最小净宽不应小于400mm。SIDE RAILS AND GRAB STICK侧扶手和“抓杆”1. Side rails are used as a climbing aid. Any shape of side rail may be used that provides a uniform gripping surface for the hands of workers using the ladder, as long as the shape permits a power grip.两侧的扶手能为方便使用爬梯提供帮助。扶手的形状没有特别要求，只要扶手的表面能让使用者的手方便且牢固地抓握即可。1) Side rail shapes that do not permit a power grip should not be used.不能使用形状不方便使用者抓握的爬梯扶手。2) The same shape of side rails should be maintained for all ladders in the same length of climb.在同一段爬梯上，爬梯两侧的扶手的形状应当相同。2. Side rails should be without sharp edges, splinters, or burrs. All splices and connections shall have smooth transition with original members and with no sharp or extensive projections.扶手上不能有锋利的边角、开裂或毛刺。扶手的接合和连接处应当平滑，没有尖锐或过度的突起。3. Side rails should have an extension length of at least 1 m above the upper landing point to be able to hold it when leaving the ladder.扶手应当延伸着录点1米以上，以方便人员上下时抓牢。4. Where it is not practicable to have extensions of side rails above a landing, equivalent provisions must be arranged. Extensions into guardrails, extensions incorporated into roof hatches, or fixed handrails may be acceptable. 如果现场条件不满足在着陆点以上存在延伸的扶手，那就要采取相应的替代措施。如将扶手延伸至栏杆上、将扶手延伸至房顶开口的盖板上、或者另外安装固定的扶手。 (Extension into guardrails扶手延伸至栏杆) (Fixed handrails at the entrance of manhole在人 孔井口外安装的固定扶手) 5. At the exit of manhole which is located in the passageway, installation of extension is not possible. In this case, a removable or retractable grab stick should be installed. It provides grip for workers when they climb into and climb out of the manhole. 在位于道路中央的人孔井出口处，不可能安装爬梯扶手。这种情况下，可以在爬梯的顶端安装一根可以伸缩的抓杆。它可以为工人进出人孔井时提供一个可以抓握的地方。 Nothing in place to hold whenDifferent kinds of removable safety sticks extending one entering or leaving the manholemeter above the landing level (ground level) that you can 进出人孔井时没有扶手的地方insert and attach on the ladder before going down and that will provide you a secured grip when exiting the ladder 不同类型的可移动式安全杆，在着陆点（地面）延伸1m以上。 可以在进入人孔前安装在爬梯上，出来时就有个可安全地抓握。These kinds of systems are probably available from local suppliers or can even be built locally. See one other example below.这些装置可能有当地供应商提供，或者可以自己加工制作。还有其他例子如下： （1）锚固点； （2）方便插入安全杆的卡环； （3）移动式安全杆； （4）焊接在安全杆上的挂钩When designing the equipment, the strength of the anchor point and the stick holder must be calculated to withstand the weight of the person.当设计这些装置时，必须对锚固点和卡环的强度进行计算以确保其能承受人员的重量。N.B.: It is better not to install these 2 pieces on the rungs of the ladder so as not to create an additional obstruction to the climber. 注：尽量不要把这两个装置安装在爬梯的横档上，以免都爬梯使用者增加额外的障碍物。Safety Requirements on Fixed Access Ladders (V.1)Other systems are available from suppliers. See the example from Saint Gobain below: this system applies to rung ladders. It consists of: 其他可从供应商那里获得的装置。参看以下从Saint Gobain的例子：这些装置适用于只有横档（没有侧扶手）的爬梯。它包括：1. A stick which is to be inserted into specific rungs.一根插入特殊横档的杆。Two kinds of rungs are to be installed in the top part of the rung ladder: 有两种特殊的横档需要安装在这种爬梯的上面部分。2. Rungs with a circular hole in the middle, to guide the stick.中央有个圆孔的横档，方便安全杆插入。3. One final rung with a turn key shape hole, to stabilize the stick.最后一根带锁孔的横档，方便固定安全杆。http:/www.pamline.fr/pages/site/Produit.asp?provenance=2&idProduit=1712http:/www.pamline.fr/pages/site/Produit.asp?provenance=2&idProduit=1710http:/www.pamline.fr/pages/site/Produit.asp?provenance=2&idProduit=1711Note following the paragraph 5: When the access in the manhole or the underground structure is done by using a tripod, gantry or any similar device including a winch, it is not necessary to install a grab stick. In those cases, the fall protection is ensured by the winch. 关于第5节的注解：如果使用三角架、龙门架等设备来协助人员进出人孔井时，不需要安装安全杆。这种情况下，绞盘将提供坠落保护。SAFETY CAGES安全圈笼1. A cage must be provided starting 2.3m from the ground where the top of the ladder is less than 5 meters above ground level.只有爬梯的高度小于5米时才能使用圈笼，且设置圈笼的起始高度为地面以上2.3米处。2. Cages should be provided with horizontal hoops or bands to help impede the fall of a climber.圈笼应设水平圈以帮助防止人员上下爬梯时发生坠落。3. The diameter of a cage should not be less than 680 mm and not more than 760 mm.圈笼的直径应在680mm至760mm之间。4. The inside of cage must be free of obstructions.圈笼的内部不能有任何障碍物。5. Cages must be designed to withstand all loads to which they may be subjected.圈笼必须设计必须考虑它所能承受的最大承重能力。Max. 5 mLADDER SAFETY DEVICES (FALL ARRESTING SYSTEM) 爬梯安全装置（坠落保护系统）1. Safety cages should not be used if the length of the ladder is greater than 5 meters, while ladder safety devices (fall arresting system) should be used in lieu of cage protection.如果爬梯的高度大于5米，就不能使用安全笼来作为坠落保护，而必须使用爬梯安全装置（坠落保护系统）。2. There are 2 proper types of fall arresting systems that can be used. 有两种坠落保护系统可供选择。(a) Fall arresting system consists of rigid rail, friction brake, and full body harness.包含固定轨道、摩擦锁和全身式安全带的坠落保护系统。 (b) Fall arresting system consists of lifeline, rope grab, and full body harness. 包含生命绳、绳卡和全身式安全带的坠落保护系统。ATTACHMENT & ANCHORING连接和锚定1. Structural soundness of the wall, member or piece of equipment to which the ladder is to be attached must be confirmed by a competent person (structure engineer or civil engineer), prior to installation of the ladder.在安装爬梯前，墙体结构的牢固性，和连接爬梯的设备或附件的牢固性都必须经合格的相关人员确认（结构工程师或土建工程师）。2. Attachment method (e.g. through-bolting, anchoring, welding, etc.) must be rated for the intended structural service and for the type of wall, member or piece of equipment.连接方式（如：使用螺栓、锚固、焊接等）一定要与爬梯的结构、墙体的类型以及相关设备组件等相适应。n Expansion anchors should be avoided with masonry walls, where through- bolting must be used.石墙上，不应使用膨胀锚定的方法，而应使用贯穿螺栓连接。n Attachment and anchor bolts should have a minimum diameter of 12 mm.连接螺栓的直径不得小于12mm。n Maximum spacing of attachment points for a steel ladder with side rails is 3 meters.带侧扶手的钢爬梯上，两个连接点之间的距离不得大于3米。3. Modifications to the attachment of the ladder to the structure, building or equipment should be approved by a professional engineer.对爬梯结构、连接件或者与爬梯相连的结构或建筑的任何修改都必须经专业工程师批准。PLATFORMS平台1. Suitable platforms should be provided along a ladder where worker activity is anticipated and where lack of such a platform will incur significant additional hazard to workers. For example:当工人需在爬梯上作业或者其他可能对工人构成危险的地方应当提供适当的平台。例如：n At the top of a ladder on a tower or similar structure, where work of significant duration can be anticipated.在塔或其他类似结构上的一个爬梯的顶端，在那里有时需要进行较长时间的工作。n On a roof access la