跨国公司考试复习参考资料.doc

跨 国 公 司 考 试 复 习 参 考 资 料总共分为两个部分：英文部分和中文部分，各占总分的50%。每部分题型均为 ：一个名词解释 & 四个简答英文部分资料：名词解释：Whats an MNC ? 跨国公司的定义An enterprise （a）comprising entities in two or more contries,regardless of the legal form and fields of activity of those entities (b)which operates under a system of decision making permmitting coherent policies and a common strategy through one or more decision-making centers,(c)in which the entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise ,that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the activities of the others, and in particular, to share knowledge,resourcesand responsibilities with others.概念：（a）它是由两个或两个以上的国家的经济实体所组成的，而无论这些经济实体的法律形式和经济领域如何；（b）它是一个在决策系统指定的连贯政策和一个或多个决策中心指定的共同战略下从事经营活动（c）它的各个实体通过所有权或其他形式的联系，其一个或多个实体能够对其他实体的经营活动施加重要的影响，特别是能够与其他实体分享知识、资源和分担责任。简答：1.企业国际化发展的动因？举例说明3.Motivations for Internationalization3.1Traditional Motivations3.1.1 Secure key resources3.1.2 Market seeking3.1.3 Access to loe cost factors of production3.1.4 Profit seeking3.2 Emerging Motivations 新兴的动因 3.2.1 Escalating R&D(研发) costs and shortening product life cycles 3.2.2 Competitive positioning 竞争地位【举例方面，请参考各组的作业】2.收购兼并各自的优缺点：1. Advantages and disadvantages of M&A1.1 Advantages1.1.1 It is the most effective and the quickest way to enter a new market;1.1.2 It can save much time because assets especially production facilities can be expeditiously acquired;1.1.3 It is the most effective way to get an advanced technology;1.1.4 It may reduce the number of competitors;1.1.5 The acquiring firm may inherit the management skills,customers,patents and intangible assets.1.2 Disadvantages 1.2.1 The acquiring firm may have to assume some or all of the libilities of the selling company;1.2.2 After the acquisition,the acquiring firm is likely to face challenging personnel problems in integrating the separate managerial teams. Integration problems can undermine the most optimistic expectations for a merger.1.2.3 Host countries restrict the acquisition action of foreign investors;1.2.4 Its difficult for investors to correctly evaluate the real benefits of an acquisition.3.请认真复习收购兼并和合资企业这两节的内容。4.跨国公司内部贸易的特征以及转移价格的好处。特征：Characteristics of Intra-firm Trade：1) MNCs set transfer prices for their intra-firm trades2) It is an intra-company transaction without the outward transfer of the commodities ownership.3) MNCs implement planned management (计划性管理)of intra-firm trade. 4) Intra-firm trade is a device used by MNCs to maintain their technological superiority.(技术优势) 好处：Economic Effects of Transfer Prices on MNCs1）Tax Avoidance 避税2）Income Tax （尽可能减少）所得税3）Capital Allocation 资金配置4）Profit Adjustment利润调整（避免引起东道国政府注意、避免吸引竞争对手、减少股东分红、降低职工奖励）5）Avoid the Price Control of Host Countries 避免东道国的价格管理6）Avoid Foreign Exchange Exposures 避免外汇风险中文部分资料：1.对外投资、兼并收购两节的内容。2.投资的可行性研究包括哪些部分？An Investment Feasibility Study of MNCs Look at 6 Major Areas 2.1 Manufactuing Feasibility Study 制造可行性研究 2.2 Technological Feasibility Study 技术可行性研究 2.3 Marketing Feasibility Study 市场可行性研究2.3.1. Marketing Factor Analysis 市场因素分析2.3.2. Marketing Strategy Formulation 市场战略制定2.3.3. Market and Price Forecasting 市场和价格预测 2.4 Finacial Feasibility Study 财务可行性研究2.4.1. Start-Up Costs 启动成本2.4.2. Operating Costs 营运成本2.4.3. Revenue Projections 收入预测2.4.4. Sources of Financing 融资来源2.4.5. Profitability Analysis 盈利能力分析 2.5 Analysis of Investment Climate 投资环境分析 2.6 Risk Evaluation 风险评估3.跨国公司的组织结构包括：国际业务部、全球性产品组织结构、全球性地区组织结构、全球性职能组织结构、混合式组织结构、矩阵式组织结构、网络式组织结构4.四种公司形式的法律特征。1）母公司： 1.1 母公司能对所属公司进行实际控制 1.2 母公司对其所属公司控制关系是建立在股份占有或签订契约的基础上 1.3 母公司在整个公司的经营体系中，始终是处于主动、积极、支配、控制的地位 1.4 母公司对子公司承担责任2）分公司：2.1. 分公司不具有法人资格，不能独立承担责任；2.2. 分公司由总公司授权开展业务，自己没有独立的公司名称和章程；2.3. 分公司没有独立的资产；2.4. 分公司与总公司同为一个法律实体，设立在东道国的分公司被视为“外国公司”。3）子公司：3.1 子公司是独立法人； 3.2 子公司在经济上和业务上被母公司实际控制； 3.3 母公司对其子公司的实际控制或是基于股权参与或是基于支配性协议等非股权安排； 3.4 子公司在东道国注册登记被看作是当地公司。4）避税地公司：5.一共有几种外汇风险？产生原因和规避手段是什么？种类：交易风险、换算风险、经济风险、税收风险产生原因：Transaction Exposure arises mainly because a payable or receivable is denominated in a foreign currency. Such exposure-arising from contractual agreements entered into before the exchange rate changes, but settled after it- is called transaction exposure to exchange rates. 规避手段：1.调整生产经营战略1.1 生产经营分散