THE BIG BANG.doc

THE BIG BANG: It sure was BIG!One of the most persistently asked questions has been: How was the universe created? Many once believed that the universe had no beginning or end and was truly infinite. Through the inception of the Big Bang theory, however,no longer could the universe be considered infinite. The universe was forced to take on the properties of a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. 一个最坚持问问题是：宇宙怎样了？许多人曾经认为，宇宙没有开始或结束，真正的无限。通过以来的大爆炸理论，然而，不再能被认为是无限的宇宙。宇宙是被迫采取的性能有限的现象，具有历史和一个开始。About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. At the point of this event all of the matter and energy of space was contained at one point. What exisisted prior to this event is completely unknown and is a matter of pure speculation. This occurance was not a conventional explosion but rather an event filling all of space with all of the particles of the embryonic universe rushing away from each other. The Big Bang actually consisted of an explosion of space within itself unlike an explosion of a bomb were fragments are thrown outward. The galaxies were not all clumped together, but rather the Big Bang lay the foundations for the universe. 前的巨大爆炸开始膨胀的宇宙。这种爆炸被称为宇宙大爆炸。在这次事件的所有物质和能量的空间被包含在一个点。牙髓什么这次事件之前是完全未知的，是一种纯粹的猜测。这不是一个传统的爆炸而发生的事件填充所有的空间，所有的粒子的胚胎宇宙匆匆离开对方。大爆炸理论实际上是空间本身的爆炸本身与爆炸的炸弹碎片被抛向外。不是所有的星系都聚集在一起，而不是大爆炸宇宙奠定基础。The origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble. Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously expanding. He discovered that a galaxys velocity is proportional to its distance. Galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast. Another consequence is that the universe is expanding in every direction. This observation means that it has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position. Just as the Big Bang provided for the foundation of the universe, Hubbles observations provided for the foundation of the Big Bang theory. 原产地的大爆炸理论可以归功于埃德温哈勃。哈勃观测宇宙是不断扩大。他发现一个星系的速度是成正比的距离。星系远离我们的两倍快两倍。另一个后果是，宇宙正在膨胀，在每一个方向。这一观察手段，它采取了每个星系相同数量的时间从一个共同的起始位置到当前位置。正如大爆炸宇宙提供了基础，哈勃望远镜的观测为基础的大爆炸理论。Since the Big Bang, the universe has been continuously expanding and, thus, there has been more and more distance between clusters of galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies moving farther away from each other is known as the red shift. As light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched. 大爆炸以来，宇宙是不断膨胀，因此，已经有越来越多的星系群之间的距离。这一现象的星系远离对方称为红移。当光从遥远星系接近地球有增加空间之间的地球和星系，从而导致波长被拉伸。In addition to the understanding of the velocity of galaxies emanating from a single point, there is further evidence for the Big Bang. In 1964, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, in an attempt to detect microwaves from outer space, inadvertently discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin. The noise did not seem to emanate from one location but instead, it came from all directions at once. It became obvious that what they heard was radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the Big Bang. This discovery of the radioactive aftermath of the initial explosion lent much credence to the Big Bang theory. 除了了解星系的速度产生一个单一的点，有进一步的证据的大爆炸。1964，2天文学家，彭齐亚斯和罗伯特威尔逊，企图检测微波从外太空，无意中发现一个噪声外星起源。噪音似乎没有来自一个位置，但相反，它从各个方向上的一次。很明显，他们听到的是从宇宙最深处的，是宇宙大爆炸遗留。这一发现的放射性后果的初步爆炸借给相信大爆炸理论。Even more recently, NASAs COBE satellite was able to detect cosmic microwaves eminating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the homogenity of the early stages of the universe. However, the satillite also discovered that as the universe began to cool and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These flucuatuations verified prior calculations of the possible cooling and development of the universe just fractions of a second after its creation. These fluctuations in the universe provided a more detailed description of the first moments after the Big Bang. They also helped to tell the story of the formation of galaxies which will be discussed in the next chapter. 更最近，美国宇航局的背景探测卫星能够探测宇宙微波除去从宇宙外围。这些微波明显统一的说明性的均匀性的早期的宇宙。然而，该卫星还发现，宇宙开始冷却并仍在扩大，小波动开始存在由于温度的差异。这些flucuatuations验证前计算可能的冷却和宇宙发展的几秒钟后，其创作。这些波动的宇宙提供了更详细的说明，在大霹雳之后的第一个瞬间。他们还帮助来讲述故事的星系的形成，将在下一章加以讨论。The Big Bang theory provides a viable solution to one of the most pressing questions of all time. It is important to understand, however, that the theory itself is constantly being revised. As more observations are made and more research conducted, the Big Bang theory becomes more complete and our knowledge of the origins of the universe more substantial. 大爆炸理论提供了一个可行的解决的最紧迫问题之一的所有时间。重要的是理解，然而，这个理论本身也不断地被修订。随着越来越多的意见和进行的研究，大爆炸理论变得更加完整和我们了解宇宙的起源更充实。Now that an attempt has been made to grapple with the theory of the Big Bang, the next logical question to ask would be what happened afterward? In the minuscule fractions of the first second after creation what was once a complete vacuum began to evolve into what we now know as the universe. In the very beginning there was nothing except for a plasma soup. What is known of these brief moments in time, at the start of our study of cosmology, is largely conjectural. However, science has devised some sketch of what probably happened, based on what is known about the universe today.现在，企图已处理的大爆炸理论，下一个合乎逻辑的问题会问发生了什么事吗？在这个微不足道的分数第一次创建后，曾经是一个完整的真空开始演变成了我们现在所知的宇宙。在一开始并没有什么除了等离子汤。什么是已知的这些时间短暂的瞬间，我们开始研究宇宙学，主要是推测。然而，科学已制定了一些什么可能发生，根据什么是已知的关于宇宙的今天。Immediately after the Big Bang, as one might imagine, the universe was tremendously hot as a result of particles of both matter and antimatter rushing apart in all directions. As it began to cool, at around 10-43 seconds after creation, there existed an almost equal yet asymmetrical amount of matter and antimatter. As these two materials are created together, they collide and destroy one another creating pure energy. Fortunately for us, there was an asymmetry in favor of matter. As a direct result of an excess of about one part per billion, the universe was able to mature in a way favorable for matter to persist. As the universe first began to expand, this discrepancy grew larger. The particles which began to dominate were those of matter. They were created and they decayed without the accompaniment of an equal creation or decay of an antiparticle. 之后立即大爆炸，一个想象，宇宙是非常热，因此粒子的正反物质冲在所有方向。当它开始冷却，在10- 43秒后创作，存在着一个几乎相等数量的物质和反物质而非对称。这些材料一起创造的，他们的碰撞和破坏彼此建立纯粹的能量。幸运的是，有一个不对称赞成的事。作为一个直接结果超过1亿，宇宙能成熟的方式有利于物质的存在。随着宇宙的第一次开始扩大，这种差异越来越大。粒子开始主导的那些事。他们创造了他们腐朽的无伴奏等创作或衰减的反粒子。As the universe expanded further, and thus cooled, common particles began to form. These particles are called baryons and include photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks would become the building blocks of matter and life as we know it. During the baryon genesis period there were no recognizable heavy particles such as protons or neutrons because of the still intense heat. At this moment, there was only a quark soup. As the universe began to cool and expand even more, we begin to understand more clearly what exactly happened. 随着宇宙的扩大，从而冷却，常见的颗粒开始形成。这些粒子被称为重子和包括中子，光子，电子和夸克将成为基石问题和我们所知道的生活。在重子起源时期有任何可辨认的重粒子，如质子或中子因为仍然激烈热。在这个时刻，世界上只有一个夸克汤。当宇宙开始冷却并扩大甚至更多，我们开始更清楚了解究竟发生了什么事。After the universe had cooled to about 3000 billion degrees Kelvin, a radical transition began which has been likened to the phase transition of water turning to ice. Composite particles such as protons and neutrons, called hadrons, became the common state of matter after this transition. Still, no matter more complex could form at these temperatures. Although lighter particles, called leptons, also existed, they were prohibited from reacting with the hadrons to form more complex states of matter. These leptons, which include electrons, neutrinos and photons, would soon be able to join their hadron kin in a union that would define present-day common matter. 宇宙已冷却到3000000000000度左右开尔文，激进的转变开始，一直被人们比作相变水变成冰。复合粒子，如质子和中子，称为强子，成为普遍的物质状态后，这一过渡。不过，无论多复杂的可能形式在这些温度。虽然较轻的粒子，称为轻子，也存在，他们被禁止的强子反应形成更复杂的物质状态。这些轻子，其中包括电子，中子和光子，不久将能够加入他们的强子建在一个联盟，界定当今常见的问题。After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons and neutrons began to react with each other to form deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, soon collected another neutron to form tritium. Rapidly following this reaction was the addition of another proton which produced a helium nucleus. Scientists believe that there was one helium nucleus for every ten protons within the first three minutes of the universe. After further cooling, these excess protons would be able to capture an electron to create common hydrogen. Consequently, the universe today is observed to contain one helium atom for every ten or eleven atoms of hydrogen. 后约一至三分钟过去了，宇宙的创造，质子和中子开始相互反应，形成氢的同位素氘。氘或重氢，不久，收集另一个中子形成氚。后迅速这一反应是增加另一个质子产生的氦核。科学家相信，有一个氦核的每十个质子内的第一个三分钟的宇宙。经进一步冷却，这些过剩质子将能够捕获一个电子创造共同的氢。因此，今天的宇宙是观察包含一个氦原子每十个或十一个氢原子。While it is true that much