同等学力英语写作的基本步骤.docx

英语写作的五个基本步骤一、审题审题的首要任务就是要明确文章的主题和写作目的，确定文章的内容和写作范围，找出贯穿文章的纲要；另一个任务是确立文章的体裁，是议论文、说明文、应用文，还是图表图画类作文。因此要对文章的标题、主题句、关键词、情景或图片进行认真分析。二、构思审题之后马上就要构思。在稿纸上写下所能想到的观点和关键词，然后认真进行筛选，具体策划出文章该如何展开。构思是漂亮文章的前提，是写作前千万不能忽略的重要环节，否则想到哪儿，写到哪儿，随意性大，逻辑性差，会造成思路混乱、条理不清。三、列提纲写文章之前列个提纲是个非常好的写作习惯。列提纲可以使杂乱无章的材料变得井然有序；列提纲可以使你紧扣主题不跑题；列提纲还可以节约你的时间，提高写作效率。 列提纲时不必过于详细，可以根据题目要求，考虑你的文章分几段，或者分几个层次，每段的大意是什么，计划好文章的整体结构。提纲有时可以是短语或词组，做到自己明白即可。 四、成文在成文时要开门见山，直截了当，能够突出文章的主题。用词要准确，表达要简明扼要。要正确使用句子结构、修辞和表达方式，确保句型多样化。要用英语思维，注意段落间的相互联系，考虑段落的连接和转折，使段落之间过渡自然，前后照应。应在平时积累一定数量的套句及过渡连接词，并按不同框架事先构筑适合于自己的模板，考试时将已经构思好的观点和想法填入其中，略加润色，即可以成为一篇好的习作。使用适合于自己的模版，不用为开篇、转折或结尾的句式而冥思苦想，从而节省宝贵的时间。五、检查修改。 鲁迅先生说过：好文章是改出来的。要提高英语写作水平，除了准确遣词造句、严谨布局外，文章的修改也是很重要的一步。文章写好后，要经过反复修改润色，才能措辞准确，句子流畅，布局严谨，因此修改文章是提高写作水平的有效方法。一般来说，文章的修改可以从四个方面入手。 1.用词方面代词的格和指代关系是否用得正确？名词的单复数正确与否？形容词的比较级和最高级用得是否对？副词的位置是否合适？动词的搭配是否准确。2.句子方面句型结构是否完整？主谓人称是否一致？时态、语态、语气是否正确？连句方法是否恰当？3.段落方面段落主题句是否概括本段的中心思想？扩展句是否都围绕这一主题，有无多余的句子？句子之间是否连贯？段落层次是否分明，是否合乎逻辑？4.篇章方面 文章主题是否合理自然？段落之间过渡是否合理自然？文章的文体及所用的组织方法是否恰当？文章内容是否充实，有无遗漏？写作时间分配建议5分钟的审题和构思；5分钟写出主题句，列出框架提纲15分钟围绕主题句进行扩展，初步成文；5分钟检查、修改、润色。议论文英语十句作文法是一种作文模式，它适用于150词左右的作文。它是根据半小时写这一词数的英语作文要求而设计的。整篇作文分为引言，正文和结尾三个段落。其基本结构如下：议论文第一段（引言段）S(1):引出主题，即引出文章要讨论的问题，如妇女问题，体育问题，大学生打工问题等。 S(2):确立论点，表明作者对这个问题的基本看法，例如是赞成还是反对等。Changes in Peoples Diet According to a recent survey, grain, once the staple food for most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in peoples diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased. A marked change has taken place on the family dinning table in the last 25 years. 议论文第二段（正文段）S(3):承上启下，重复上一句的论点，提纲挈领引出本段要讨论的几个论据。S(4):第一论据：引出证明论点的第一个论据，或原因或理由或观点等。S(5):细节说明：运用具体事例，事实说明第一论据。S(6)细节说明：运用具体事例，事实说明第一论据。Changes in Peoples DietThere are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the family income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich variety of food. 议论文S(7):第二论据：引出证明论点的第二论据，或原因或理由或观点等。S(8):细节说明：运用具体事例，事实说明第二论据。S(9):细节说明：运用具体事例，事实说明第二论据。Changes in Peoples DietFor another, people of today pay more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking a more balanced diet which will do good to their health. 议论文第三段（结尾段）S(10):重复或归纳全文论点。Changes in Peoples DietIn short, with peoples standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater. 摘要型写作步骤阅读划线（去除原文段落中举例、详述、复述、反述、铺垫以及交代条件、背景等与主题不直接相关的语句，或去除长句中不重要的修饰语，如某些定语、状语、补语、同位语）核对确定（将划线部分的总字数与要求字数核对，一般正负不要超过20个词；如字数过多，则进一步削减）整合抄写（将保留的部分进行整理组合。有些句子需要重组，有些句子之间应加上关联词。如原文为一段至五段，则可保留其结构；如原文超过五段，则有些段落需要合并，一般可以合成三段，也可只写成一段） The growth of the American economy was made possible largely by developments in the field of transportation. Beginning in 1825 with the construction of the Erie Canal, which connected New York City with the Great Lakes region, various state governments began to play an active role in stimulating the construction of an internal system of transportation.State government subsidies(补贴) and loans to business undertaking the building of canals and turnpikes（付费公路） became commonplace between l830 and l860. These early efforts were often marked by corruption and economic disasters, yet more were successes than failures. River traffic also improved when the steam engine was fitted to boats. The steamboat could sail upriver, against the flow, markedly reducing the amount of time of shipping goods to market. Like canals and turnpikes, railroads received large amount of government assistance in the early years. However, unlike other forms of transportation, railroads also attracted a good deal of private investment, both domestic and European. Railroad building may seem unlikely project to attract private funds. Why? Because the amounts of capital required were enormous; the time before profits could be realized was long, and profits were hard to predict. Yet conservative people in rural areas were tremendously enthusiastic about buying shares of railroad stock, often mortgaging their farms or businesses. Attracted by the vision of local profits and of a better nation, they not only bought stock but also voted for state and local taxes to support the railroads.Later, as part of the Civil War legacy, the federal government gave extensive tracts of land to those who promised to build the missing links in the national railroad system. An astonishing total of 53 million hectares of land were eventually granted to railroad builders. Northern Pacific receive 17 million hectares, Southern Pacific got 10 million hectares, and Union Pacific was granted 8 million hectares. Europe caught the excitement of investing in American railroads. At one time foreign investors owned the majority of stock in six major railroads. The discovery of gold in 1849 enabled the country to finance imports of railroad machinery and materials. Abuses also came with the excitement of railroad building. Often, unsuspecting buyers paid exorbitant prices for their railroad stock, or were cheated with lost their saving. Fortunes were made overnight by financial manipulators.Nevertheless, through a combination of vision, foreign investment, the discovery of gold, and a major commitment of Americas wealth, the nation was able to develop a large-scale railroad system, providing the base for the modern industrialization that followed. The growth of the American economy was made possible largely by developments of transportation. Beginning in 1825 with the construction of the Erie Canal, various state governments began to play an active role in stimulating the construction of an internal system of transportation. River traffic also improved when the steam engine was fitted to boats. Railroads did not only receive large amount of government assistance, but also attracted a good deal of private investment, both domestic and European. The discovery of gold in 1849 enabled the country to finance imports of railroad machinery and materials. Though abuses also came with the excitement of railroad building, the nation was able to develop a large-scale railroad system, providing the base for the modern industrialization that followed.读后感写英语文读后感的思路和中文读后感是一样的，相差的只是对语言的驾驭能力。引，议，结引（引出原文相关内容，语言简洁，要与感想内容有关。例如：你感想是写勇敢的，就不要引到了友情之类的）议（对引出的内容进行议论，围绕中心来写）结（对全文进行总结，写出自己的感想，如有可能，引上相关的名言。）读后感Directions: Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “The Attitude to Life”. Your composition should be based on the outline and the story given below. What have you learned from the story?What is your attitude to life?读后感谁之过？两个同名同姓的人同时在一家医院进行体检，一位被查出患有癌症，而另一位则身体健康。由于医院工作人员的疏忽，两人的检查结果被颠倒了。身体健康的人拿到了患有癌症的检查结果，心情极为低落，并且一直瞒着不告诉家里人，结果积郁成疾，一年以后真的因为癌症去世了。而拿到了健康检查结果的人则心情开朗，生活积极，后来病情竟然自愈了。我们不仅要问：难道仅仅是一个小小的疏忽导致了这样的结果吗？The Attitude to Life A story goes that two persons with exactly same name once went to have a physical check-up in a hospital. Due to the carelessness of the doctor, the results were exchanged between the two. One of them, who was actually healthy, was told to be suffering from cancer, while the other, who was the actual cancer sufferer, was told to be healthy. Unfortunately, the former firmly believed in the result and concealed the news from his family. A year later, he died of real cancer. The latter, however, lived happily and got rid of cancer. The story might not be true, but it conveys a profound message: ones attitude to life determine to a great extent his or her fate. Smile to life, and life will do the same to you; cry to life, and life will make you cry harder. With a light and easy heart, things will seem less difficult and the world less cold; with a heavy and depressed heart, small troubles can become great barriers. Basically, I am a positive person. But there are occasions when I acted like the poor patient. I think I will, from now on, keep in mind that life is the most precious thing in the world and that every other thing should be made smaller.2010年真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words. Your composition should be based on the following two questions after you have read the story given in Chinese.1. What do you think about the story?2. What do you learn from it?2010年真题第二稿英国史学家卡莱尔经过多年的伏案，写成了法国大革命史的全部文稿。那时候没有电脑，一切都得用手来完成，而且难得有“备份”。卡莱尔写完后的第一件事，就是将它交给最信任的好友米尔去完善。然而就在第二天，手稿被米尔家的女佣当作废纸丢进了火炉！而且，更糟糕的是，为了保持书房的整洁，卡莱尔每写完一章，随手把原来的笔记、草稿撕碎。可以想见卡莱尔当时的心情，但他很快就平静下来，反而安慰伤心的米尔：“没关系，就当我将作文交给老师批阅，老师说这篇不行，重写一次吧，你可以写得更好！”卡莱尔再起炉灶，重写这部巨著。如今人们读到的法国大革命史，就是他的第二稿。这一稿的质量，无论文字上还是内涵上，都达到了卡莱尔写作生涯的巅峰。 In the above story, the writer is really a great man. He paid a lot to finish writing the draft of his masterpiece, however, the draft was destroyed because of others carelessness. Facing the painful result, the writer kept his high spirits instead of losing his heart. He was so confident to treat the failure and never gave up, which impressed me most. We should learn from this great writer. It is true that life is full of difficulties and setbacks. What should we do when we are faced with something disappointing? From my perspective, on one hand, we should not get frustrated. On the other hand, we should try our best to draw lessons from failure. Only in this way will we achieve success in the future.In a word, lets remember the old saying “failure is the mother of success”. When we suffer failure, we should believe that success is not far away. If we hold a positive attitude towards failure, we will overcome difficulties and frustrations to win easily.图画类1.揭示漫画的深层内涵开始动笔前，首先要透过关键景物揭示漫画深层内涵，这是写作的前奏，直接决定作文方向和成败。图画类要点的识别1.看懂图画是关键。2.图画中出现的人物都是要点。3.能推动事物向前发展的细节，都是要点。4.图中的字句都是内容要点。5.图中故事发生的背景是内容要点。6.避免不合理的想象。图画类图片看点：灿烂的阳光，紧贴的楼，扭曲的树逆境成长，不屈不挠（grow in unfavorable conditions but never give up）图画类2.简洁明了地描写漫画漫画图片简单，可直接进行描写。但对漫画中所反映的焦点必须有点睛之笔。所谓点睛之笔就是要揭示漫画的矛盾所在、寓意所在，同时也是下文要议论的论点。图画类 In the picture, between two closely-located buildings grows a big tree. Unlike most trees, this one bends in the middle, struggling all the way up to get more sunshine.图画类 写作参考： 1. When I first glance at the picture, I feel surprised by the phenomenon described in it.2.At first sight of the funny and instructive picture, I fall into deep thought.3.The picture leaves us a deep impression.4. Just as the picture describes5. As is shown in the picture图画类 3.围绕漫画展开适当的议论漫画作文的关键在于议论，这种议论是建立在漫画主题基础上的有感而论。其次，这种议论是适度的议论，论证过程要严谨，合乎逻辑，思路通顺，条理清晰，说理透彻。具体做法就是在续接话题、提出论点后，利用漫画折射出的社会现实，有条理地进行分析、论证。图画类 The picture reminds me of those who succeed in unfavorable conditions. Faced with difficulties, they never give up but try their best to find a way out. We can take the example of Claire, the author of French Revolution History. He lost his script in the course of the writing, which could have broken him down. However, the great historian was not beat by the frustration. He restarted his writing with unyielding will and his second version got greater success.图画类4.旗帜鲜明地亮出自己的观点亮出自己的观点是描写漫画、展开议论的必然结果。观点的提出应与前文一脉相承，首尾呼应。 Life can be hard. But if we have the courage and determination, we will finally get the sunshine we want as the tree in the picture does. 图表型(1)In the past 20 years China has experienced an alarming increase in teenage smoking: the number if boys who smoked rose from 6 percent in 1980 to 23 percent in2000, and during the same years, the number of girls who smoked increased as much as 15 times.用数据和事实开头引出要讨论的现象，用冒号引出具体数据 (2)The statistics look quite disturbing and cause people to ask why. (3) The factors for a great rise in teenage smoking are complex. 承上启下，引出客观原因(4) Some attribute it to the increased standard of living which enables kids to have more pocket money, and others place the blame on cigarette advertising and the import of cigarettes, which give them easy access to Marlboros.5) Whatever the causes, only particular external circumstances have been examined. 承上启下，引出主观原因 (6) The factors, actually, are psychological as well as social. (7) Most young people begin to smoke just out of curiosity: they have a strong desire to experience the pleasure of smoking which is forbidden to them. (8)They also have a subconscious feeling that smoking will make them mature and tough and sophisticated. (9) When they light up a cigarette, and produce puffs of smoke carelessly, they are under the illusion that they are grown-up instead of kids and that they are admired rather than rejected by society.(10) To help them get rid of such foolish ideas is the first step towards the effort to prevent children from starting to smoke, and then we may conduct a more extensive campaign to make them aware of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.英文书信通常由6个部分组成：1.信头(Heading)2.收信人的姓名与地址(Inside Address)3称呼.(Salutation)4.正文(Body of the letter)5.结束语(Complimentary Close)6.署名(Signature) 如果有附言(Postscript-P.S.)或附件(Enclosure-Encl)则在信后加上。月份名称可以写全称或用缩写，但是 May，June，July不缩写。九月（September）是前四个字母的缩写（Sept.），其余月份均未头三个字母的缩写，如：Jan.(January)， Feb.(February)，Mar(March)，Apr(April)，May， June， July,，Aug.(August)，Sep.(September)，Oct.(October)，Nov.(November)，Dec.(December)。文章的连贯与衔接 表达方式1) “启”的表达 用于引导主题句,或引导主题句后的第一个发展句第一 first, firstly首先,第一 first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with首先(其次) for one thing (.for another)一方面(另一方面) on the one hand (.on the other hand)1) “启”的表达一般来说 generally speaking, in general起初 in the beginning现在 at present, now目前 currently最近 recently, lately2) “承”的表达 用于承接全题句或前面的发展句第二;第二点 second, secondly第三;第三点 third, thirdly此外 besides, in addition而且,此外 furthermore, whats more, moreover除.之外 in addition to2) “承”的表达并且;又,也 also, too其次 for another例如 for example, for instance, as an example再如 as another example即,就是 namely换句话说 in other words尤其,特别 in particular2) “承”的表达同样的 in the same way, similarly此后 afterwards, after that 过了一会儿 after a while几天之后 after a few days从此 from now on后来 later正如 just as2) “承”的表达与此同时 meanwhile此时 by this time不久 soon然后 then当然 of course同样重要 equally important为此 for this purpose结果 consequently,thus3) “转”的表达 用于表示不同或相反的情况毕竟 after all可是but然而;仍yet相反conversely尽管如此 nevertheless, nonetheless, though3) “转”的表达另一方面 on the other hand 不幸地 unfortunately仍然 still事实上 in fact, as a matter of fact尽管. Despite, in spite of虽然. though, as, although相反地 on the contrary与.不同 unlike.4) “合” 的表达 用于小结段落中上文的内容,引导最后一个发展句或引导结尾句,表示段落的结束.因此 hence最后 finally总之in conclusion简言之 in short, in brief摘要地说 in summary简单地说 briefly4) “合” 的表达最重要的是 above all结果 as a result所以 so, for this reason终于 at last如我所述 as I have said如前所述 as has been noted最后eventually, at last4) “合” 的表达于是 accordingly的确 indeed, truly无疑 undoubtedly, surely, certainly显然 obviously1.表示举例说明 2.表示增补意义 3.表示强调 4.表示对比或对照 5.表示比较 6.表示让步 7.表示结果 8. 表示转折 9. 表示结论1)表示举例说明a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate1)表示举例说明Many southern cities are growing above the national averageAtlanta is a case in point.The news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point.Prisoners should be treated with respectthey are human beings after all.1)表示举例说明These are, after all, very familiar species.Its extremely expensive to live in New York. For example, I pay $1250 for a one-bedroom apartment.Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.1)表示举例说明Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected.We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.1)表示举例说明Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (equally) popular.One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.1)表示举例说明The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement(征购,采购) of drugs.The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.Were talking about money, specifically, the money we need to repair our schools.1)表示举例说明One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider.2)表示增补意义additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, moreover, not only.but also., similarly, to put in another way, to repeat, then, too, whats more2)表示增补意义They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function.And again, these workshops will benefit the community widely.Dune was murdered, along with three guards.2)表示增补意义Sugar is bad for health. It can also contribute to heart disease.This is a flexible and user-friendly 【计算机】(质量好而且设计的操作程序简单)方便用户操作的system suitable to beginners and advanced users alike.2)表示增补意义Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes.The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.2)表示增补意义People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low infla