COA课件-大连交大-lyx_Ch_10.ppt

WilliamStallingsComputerOrganizationandArchitecture6thEdition Chapter10InstructionSets 指令集characteristicsandFunctions 汇编编码表示 10 1Machineinstructioncharacteristics ThecompletecollectionofinstructionsthatareunderstoodbyaCPUMachineCodeBinaryUsuallyrepresentedbyassemblycodes 1 Whatisaninstructionset 2 Elements 成分 ofanInstruction Operationcode Opcode 操作码DothisSourceOperandreference源操作数的信息TothisResultOperandreference目标操作数的信息PuttheanswerhereNextInstructionReference下一条指令的信息Whenyouhavedonethat dothis Page330 WherehavealltheOperandsgone Mainmemory orvirtualmemoryorcache CPUregisterI Odevice Page331 4 SimpleInstructionFormat Page332 EnglishwordSymbolicSymbolice g aninstruction 513 514 XXYAddX Y AssemblyInstruction 1 InstructionTypes opcode Dataprocessing ArithmeticandlogicinstructionsDatastorage mainmemory MemoryinstructionsDatamovement I O I OinstructionsProgramflowcontrol Testandbranchinstructions Page333 2 NumberofAddresses a 4addresses Operand1 Operand2 Result Address nextinstruction Beextremelyrare becauseofPC 3addressesOperand1 Operand2 Result A B C A BandCaresymbolicaddress Maybeaforth nextinstruction usuallyimplicit NotcommonNeedsverylongwordstoholdeverything e g Lengthofaddress 16bits Need16x3 48bitsforoperandaddress Page334 NumberofAddresses b 2addressesOneaddressdoublesasoperandandresulte g A A B ReduceslengthofinstructionRequiressomeextraworkTemporarystoragetoholdsomeresults NumberofAddresses c 1addressImplicitsecondaddressUsuallyaregister accumulator AC E g AC B AC Commononearlymachines NumberofAddresses d 0 zero addressesAlladdressesimplicitUsesastack堆栈 First In Last Out e g pushapushbaddpopc c a b Page334 T 1T T SeeP335Fig10 3 AccomplishY A B C DxE Exercisewith0 addressinstructions地址越少 指令越简单 但程序长 HowManyAddresses MoreaddressesMorecomplexinstructionsMoreregistersInter registeroperationsarequickerFewerinstructionsperprogramFeweraddressesLesscomplexinstructionsMoreinstructionsperprogramFasterfetch executionofinstructions Page335 10 2TypesofOperand Addresses地址 unsignedintegerNumbers数值数据Integer floatingpoint BCDCharacters字符ASCII Page199Table7 1 7 bit etc LogicalData逻辑数据Bitsorflags 0 true1 false Page337 10 4TypesofOperation DataTransferArithmeticLogicalConversionI OSystemControlOS专用TransferofControl Page341 1 DataTransfer 1 TransferdatafromonelocationtoanotherSpecify指定SourceDestinationAmountofdataMaybedifferentinstructionsfordifferentmovements不同移动可能需要不同指令Oroneinstructionanddifferentaddresses或一个指令 但地址不同 Page343 DataTransfer 2 Ifoneorbothoperandsareinmemory thenCPUmustperformsomeorallofthefollowingactions Calculatememoryaddressbyaddressingmode discussedinChapter11 Ifrefertovirtualaddress translatevirtualaddresstoactualaddressDeterminewhetheraddresseditemisincacheIfnot issueacommandtomemorymodule Page344 2 Arithmetic Add Subtract Multiply DivideSignedIntegerFloatingpoint MayincludeIncrement a Decrement a Absolute绝对值Negate a 求负 Page344 3 Logical Bitwiseoperations按位的操作AND NOT OR XOR 与 非 或 异或 InadditiontobitwiseoperationsLogicalshift逻辑移位Arithmeticshift算术移位Rotateshift旋转移位 Page345 ShiftandRotateOperations Page346 347 0 0 Sign 0 丢掉 丢掉 丢掉 Sign e g Shift3 bita 1010011000010100b 1010011000110000c 1010011011110100d 1010011010110000 Sign 4 Conversion E g1 BinarytoDecimalE g2 Convertingbetweendifferentbitlength Page347 5 Input Output Maybespecificinstructions e g In Out Maybedoneusingdatamovementinstructions memorymapped Page207Maybedonebyaseparatecontroller DMA Page348 6 SystemsControl Privilegedinstructions特权指令CPUneedstobeinspecificstateForoperatingsystemsuse Page348 7 TransferofControl 1 Branch转移 大跳 AlsocalledjumpinstructionBRcc 条件转移 andBR 无条件转移 e g BRZX branchtoXifresultiszero Page350Fig10 6 Page348 BranchInstruction Page350 BR 无条件跳转 BRcc 有条件跳转e g CF 进位OF 溢出ZF 结果为零SF 符号位 循环程序 分支程序 2 Skip小跳jumpovernextinstructione g ISZR1 IncrementandSkipifZero if R1 1 0