土木工程专业英语.docx

土木工程专业英语土木工程civil engineering 梁beam结构工程structural engineering 柱 column环境工程environmental engineering 桥墩 bridge piers超高层建筑 ultrahigh-rise building 桥台 abutment管道工程Pipine Engineering 摩天大楼 skyscrapers抗压强度 compressive strength 活性炭 active carbon拱桥 arch bridge 吊桥suspension bridge斜拉桥 cable-stayed bridge 梁板桥 clapper bridge 高层建筑 hight rise building 剪力墙 shear wall抗拉强度 strength of extension 屈服强度yield strength承重墙 bearing-wall 幕墙 curtain wall钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete 隔墙 partition预应力混凝土 prestressed concrete 电梯 elevatorThe word civil derives from the latin for citizen. in 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work form that of the military who predominated at the time .since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the filed is much broader土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the projects impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirement aimed protecting the environment 环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要In an apartment building every habitable space, such as living room and bedrooms, must have natural light from window while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the buliding.公寓的每一个可居住空间如起居室和卧室必须有来自窗户的自然光，而浴室和厨房可以采用人造光源因而可以安排在建筑物内部Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the support , putting the lower half of the beam under tension何空间跨度的梁在支任承之间容易向下弯曲，梁的下半区承受拉力Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required; for instance, the 16-story monadnock building built in the 1800s in chicago had walls 5 feet thick at the floors 承重墙结构由于需要巨大的墙厚而限制了建筑物的高度。例如，芝加哥建于19世纪80年代16层的Monadnock大厦，较下层的楼板下的墙厚达5英尺（1.5米）。All building are support on the ground ,and therefore the nature of the soil because an extremely important consideration in the design of any building .the design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification ,thickness of soil layer and their compaction ,and groundwater conditions.地基与基础。所有的建筑物都支撑在地面上，因此，土体的性质成为任何建筑设计中极端重要的考虑因素。基础的设计依赖于许多土体的要素，如土的类型，土壤的层理，土层的厚度和它的压缩性，以及地下水的状态。 The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the us are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems由于新型结构系统的创新和发展，现在从50到100层的高层建筑遍布全美国。Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions , ceilings ;and other architectural details 更大高度的要求增加了梁柱的尺寸以使建筑物刚性更强，以便在风荷载作用下建筑物将不会产生超过一个可接受限度的摆动。过度的侧移可能导致隔墙，天花板和其他建筑细部的重复性损害。The indirect reuse of wastewater that has been discharged into rivers is common around the word, and it is acceptable as long as the discharges are treated properly and contamination from organic chemicals is avoided .less acceptable is the direct reuse of wastewater for potable use ,even after a high level of treatment 世界上比较普遍的是对排入河川的废水进行间接的重复利用。同时，只要排放物经过适当的处理，并且有机化学污染物被消除，也是可以被接受的。比较不可接受的是直接重复使用废水作饮用的用途，甚至是在高度处理之后。A serious problem in many parts of the world is the shortage of pure drinking during periods of low rainfall and snow .a major drought on the eastern seaboard of the US in the spring of 1989. There appear to be two reasons for water shortages during droughts: Many drinking water supply systems have not been planned to deal adequately with droughts :and water is wasted because of its relatively low price.在世界许多地区的一个严重的问题是在低降水和降雪期间纯净饮水的短缺。一场大规模旱灾发生在1989年美国东海岸的春天。在旱灾中出现水资源短缺的两个原因是：许多饮水供给系统没有能计划充分以应对旱灾；相对低的水价使大量水被浪费。Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a road way for traffic . by far the majority of bridges are designed to carry automobile or railroad traffic ,but some are intended for pedestrians only .桥梁是跨越如河流、山谷这样障碍的一种建筑，从而提供交通便利，到目前为止，大部分桥梁都是公路桥或铁路桥。Selection of materials. The bridge designer can select from a number of modern high-strength materials, including concrete, steel, and a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloy steels.材料的选择 桥梁设计者能选用大量的现代高强材料，包括混泥土，钢筋，和多种耐腐蚀的合金。The calculation of the precise nature of the individual stresses and strains in the structural, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically complex aspect of bridge building. 对结构进行精确计算各种单独的压力和拉力，这就叫应力分析。这或许是桥梁建设中最复杂的技术。The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of loads static and dynamic. The static load the dead weight of the bridge structure itself is usually the greatest load. The dynamic, or live, load, has components, including vehicles carried by the bridege, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and snow. 作用在桥梁结构的应力都可以分为二类荷载：动荷载和静荷载。静荷载即桥结构本身不变的重量它往往也是最大的荷载。动荷载或静荷载有很多，包括桥面上的机动车，风荷载，和积冰积雪荷载。Special attention must often be given to the design of the bridge piers, since heavy loads may be imposed on them by currents, waves, and floating ice and debris. Occasionally a pier may even be hit by a passing ship.对桥墩的设计通要给予特殊的关注，因为桥墩承担水流，浮冰和漂浮物而产生的重荷，桥墩通常还有被船撞击的可能。Construction the foundations. Construction starts with the foundations, which may cost almost as much as the superstructure. Foundations built in w