人教版必修五Unit 5 First aid grammar学案 (2).docx

unit 5 first aid grammar学案grammar: 省略为了避免重复或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去某一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。省略是避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法手段。运用修辞手段的目的之一就是节约用词、避免重复。一般说来，只要不会损害结构或引起歧义，能省略的地方就应省略。省略的结果，不但使句子结构显得紧凑，而且句子中几个关键词的意义也更突显出来。一、介词的省略1在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的介词常被省略，而只保留后面的动名词。spend time/money(in)doing sth.have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.；prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.we spends half an hour(in)doing some reading every day. 我们每天花半小时读书。he has some trouble(in)learning english. 他学英语有困难。what prevented you(from)going there? 什么事阻止了你去那里？2表示时间的介词at，on和in用在next，last，this，each，these，yesterday，every，tomorrow等词之前，一般可省略。we have a final exam(in)every term. 每学期我们都举行一次期末考试。二、使用so，not等的省略英语中，当句中有think，believe，hope，expect，suppose，guess，afraid等词时可以使用so，not或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。do you think our team will win?你认为我们队会赢吗？ i think so.我认为是这样。it is said that tomorrow is a fine day.据说明天天气很好。 i hope so.我希望是真的。三、简单句的省略1感叹句的省略。目的是突出感叹的部分。what a beautiful girl(she is)!(她是)多么漂亮的女孩呀！2疑问句的答语省略。为避免重复而省略疑问句的答语，这也是常见的一种句式省略。are you a student?你是一名学生吗？ yes，i am(a student)是的，我是(一名学生)。3there be句型的省略。 (is there)anything wrong?发生了什么事吗？4名词所有格修饰的名词若表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时可省略名词。i go to the supermarket instead of the butchers(shop)to buy meat. 我去超市而不是去肉铺买肉。5主语的省略 在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略。常见的为祈使句中的you和i，疑问句中的主语。beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(beg前省略了主语i)take care! 保重！(take前省略了主语you)looks as if it will rain.看起来象要下雨。(looks前省略了主语it)6谓语的省略有些结构中为了避免与前面的谓语动词重复，常省略后面的谓语或谓语的一部分。well do the best we can.我们将尽力而为。(can后面省略了动词do)7表语的省略在有些句子中，为了避免与前面的表语重复，常省略后面的表语。he was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)8宾语的省略当同一主语的并列谓语不同时发生时，省略最后一个宾语以外的所有宾语。有些双宾语动词如ask，owe，pay，teach，tell，show等的直接或间接宾语都可以省略掉一个。lets do the dishes.ill wash and youll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)四、比较结构的省略在“the比较级，the比较级”结构中和由than和as引导的比较句式中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略。the sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be)(你做得)越快，(结果就会)越好。he is cleverer than any other boy(is)他比其他男孩聪明。the higher(you stand)，the farther(you can see)站得高，看得远。五、并列句中的省略在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。i am a teacher and my husband(is)a doctor.我是个老师，我丈夫是个医生。the news made me angry，but(the news made)her happy.这条消息使我生气，但却让她高兴。六、主从复合句中的省略1. 宾语从句中，连词that常省略，但当有多个并列宾语从句时，只能省略第一个that。i know(that)he is an actor and that he is a singer. 我知道他是一名演员，也是一位歌唱家。2表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句的谓语含有be动词，且从句的主语又和主句中的主 语一致，或者主语是it时，常把从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。if(it is)necessary，ill go with you.如果有必要的话，我和你一起去。be careful when(you are)crossing the street.过马路时要当心。3宾语从句中的省略。若引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作宾语，该关系代词一般可省略；引导定语从 句的关系代词作主语时和后面的be动词同时省略。the question(that/which)the teacher asked was very difficult.老师问的问题很难。the boy(who is)standing by the door is my little brother. 站在门那儿的男孩是我弟弟。the building(which/that is)being built is our library. 正在建的楼是我们的实验室。七、动词不定式的省略1. 在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。但不定式中的have 和be不能省略。would you like to go with us? 你愿意和我们一起去吗？ im glad to，but i have to finish my homework. 我很乐意去，但是我得完成作业。she has succeeded in the final examination but in fact，she ought to have(succeeded in the final examination)她在期末考试中取得了成功，而实际上，她本就该获得成功。he is a writer now as he used to be.他像从前一样还是一位作家。2在used to，ought to，have to，would like/love to，wish to，be going to等结构中，常常省略to后面的动 词原形。ill hand it in if i have to.如果必须要交的话，我会交上的。3感官动词和使役动词的后面作宾补的不定式要省略to；但此类动词的被动语态中的to不可省略。i saw him enter the classroom just now. he was seen to enter the classroom just now.我刚才看见他走进了教室。4介词but，except(除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。all he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的只有等着瞧。八、虚拟语气中的省略1虚拟条件句常省略if，而将were，had，should提前，构成部分倒装。had you come here yesterday，you would have met him. if you had come here yesterday，you would have met him.如果你昨天来这儿的话，你就会见到他了。2动词advise，suggest(建议)，propose，demand，insist(坚持要求)，require，command，recommend，order 等后的宾语从句及it is.that.主语从句中常省略表虚拟语气的should。we insisted that he(should)go with us.我们坚持要求他和我们一起走。it is necessary that a child(should)learn more words by heart.孩子有必要多记一些单词/字。it is suggested that we(should)go to see the film.有人建议我们去看这部电影。1.（2017江苏） _ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.a. it were b. were it c. it was d. was it2. (2016浙江) had the governments and scientists not worked together, aids-related deaths _ since their highest in 2005.a. had not fallen b. would not fall c. did not fall d. would not have fallen3. （2016浙江）the movie starts at 8:30,and we can have a quick bite before we go. _.see you at 8:10a. so long b. sounds great c. good luck d. have a good time 4.（2015江苏）it is so cold that you cant go outside _ fully covered in thick clothes.a. if b. unless c. once d. when5. (2015北京) if _for the job, youll be informed soon.a .to accept b. accept c. accepting d. accepted 6. (2014福建) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.a. were there b. had there been c .if there are d. if there have been7. (2013新课标全国卷)the driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _a. not to do b. not toc. not do d. do not. 单项填空1whats the matter with della? well，her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party，but she still _.ahopes to bhopes so chopes not dhopes for2some of you may have finished unit one._，you can go on to unit two.aif you may bif you do cif not dif so3have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? yes._，im going to visit some homes for the old in the city.aif ever bif busy cif anything dif possible4the house i grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.ain it bin cin that din which5will the smiths leave for australia this spring? no，they finally decided _.anot to leave bnot leaving cnot to dnot to be leaving6he decided not to say anything at the meeting unless _.aasking to bto ask to casked to dask to7have you watered the flowers? no，but _.ai am bim going cim just going to di will go8_ he come tomorrow，i would let you know.awould bshould cshall dif9did you have a good time in thailand last week? _.it was too hot.anot really byeah，why notcoh，great dyoure right10i listen to english every day over the radio. _interesting.asounds bsounding cit is sounded dsound11do you think we will have a long holiday next month? _.ai believe not bi believe not soci dont believe it di dont believe12one of the sides of the board should be painted yellow，and _.athe other is white banother whitecthe other white danother is white13if the food tastes nice，well buy some；if _，_.ano；no bnot；not cnot；no dno；not14who should be responsible for the accident? the boss，not the workers.they just carried out the order _.aas told bas are told cas telling das they told15my mother is preparing my favorite dishes.go with me and have a taste，okay?_.and ill be glad to meet your parents.ai think so bid love to cim sure di hope so.句型转换(使用省略来改写句子) 1she works hard.it is no wonder that she passed the exam. she works hard._ _ _ _ _ _.2they havent completed the project，but they ought to have completed it. they havent completed the project，_ _ _ _ _.3it is well done. _ _.4errors，if there are any，should be corrected. errors，_ _，should be corrected.5if we had gone to the party，we would have known the fact. _ _ _ _ _ _，we would have known the fact. 单句改错1. in our class boys like sports, while girls do not like. 2. if is possible, discuss what kind of first aid you should give in these situations. 3. unless inviting to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.4. will you go with me? well, id like. 5. are you a farmer? no, but i used to. 6. he could do nothing but to wait and see. 7. can you put it off?i am afraid not so. 8. what has made him upset recently?left alone to face a troublesome milk case. . 用省略句完成句子1. _ (必要时)，you can send me an e-mail.2. _ (不管是真是假), the story is interesting.3. he gave _ (和从前一样的回答).4. _(为什么不) go and help him at once?5. arent you the manager? no, and i _ (不想当).6. the patient feels better than yesterday. i know _(他好多了).7. he opened his mouth _(好像要说话).8. he may not stay at home. _(如果那样的话), leave him a message.9. ill try my best to read more books _ (如果可能的话).10. will you join us in the discussion? _(非常高兴).k真题1. b【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，即were /should/ had i.，故选b。句意：要不是老师们的支持，该生是无法克服她自己的困难的。4. b【解析】句意：外面太冷了，你不要出去，除非用厚衣服完全裹起来。unless fully covered为连词+省略结构，补充完整为unless you are。故选b。5. d【解析】句意：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。本句条件状语从句中省略了主语you，与accept构成被动关系，用过去分词accepted。故选d。6. a【解析】对现在情况的虚拟，条件句中用一般过去时，主句用“ would/ should/ might/ could +动词原形。虚拟条件句中有had, should, were时，可以将if去掉，然后把had, should, were提到主语前面。所以选a。句意：如果没有现代的通信，我们将会等上几周的时间才能得到来自世界的新闻。7. b【解析】本题考查动词不定式的省略。根据句意可知，警察要求司机不要把车停在路边。“要求某人做某事”用ask sb to do sth；“被要求做某事”用be asked to do sth。 but后的完整表达应该是：the driver was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside.为避免重复，题干中的空缺处是一个省略了的动词不定式。故选b。句意：司机想把车停在路边，但警察要求他不要这样做。k好题. 单项填空1. a根据语境知道，della很希望去参加这次聚会。所以hope后应接to go to the party。但为了避免重复，常省去不定式动词，仅留下符号to来代替不定式。2. d句意为：你们当中可能有些人已经结束了第一单元。如果这样的话，可以开始第二单元。so代替前句意思的肯定情况，而not代替前面意思的否定情况。6. c考查动词不定式的省略。句意为：他决定在会上什么也不说，除非被请求。unless asked to相当于unless he was asked to say something。7. c句意