人教版选修八Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors language points课时作业 (4).docx

unit 5 meeting your ancestors language points课时作业i.阅读理解aa conversation in which neither party is listening to the other was classified as a “duologue” by abraham kaplan，a philosopher who died in 1993.a duologue，he suggested，is more than a monologue but less than a dialogue.“multiply a duologue by a roomful of people，” he added jokingly，“and you have a conference.” two psychologists have now given his ideas some substance，by showing that people do indeed often fail to notice when the conversations they are engaged in have been temporarily reduced to nonsense.bruno galantucci of yeshiva university in new york and gareth roberts of haskins laboratories in new haven，connecticut，are interested in how and why languages evolve.the mainstream view of why people communicate is that they are trying to transmit information faithfully.the “information” may not be true，of course.but even lies，this view holds，are told in the hope that they will be understood.sometimes faithful transmission is indeed the intention，as when a pilot communicates，according to strict rules，with a control tower.according to dr galantucci and dr roberts，however，transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule.in normal conversation，they report in a paper in plos one，people are surprisingly deaf to incoherence.they demonstrated this by asking pairs of student volunteers to chat using an instantmessaging program.these volunteers，who had never met，did so sitting in separate rooms.they were given the task of identifying the differences in colour between two versions of a cartoon(each could see only one version).unbeknown to them，though，another pair were performing the same task at the same time，with a different cartoon.while the two conversations were going on，the researchers switched between them so that a student would suddenly and without warning find himself chatting to someone from the other pair.there were four such crossings during the 15minute experimental period，each lasting 30 seconds.afterwards the volunteers were asked to establish if they had noticed anything strange about their conversation.having repeated the experiment with variations to allow for the fact that students who volunteer for psychology experiments tend to be cautious about dirty tricks，dr galantucci and dr roberts reported that between 27% and 42% of participants did not notice that their conversations had been switched.instead，those participants had simply talked in a confused way regardless.of course，exchanging instant messages is not quite the same as talking，so the two researchers have not definitively proved that many dialogues are actually duologues.but this research certainly adds to the suspicion that even supposedly purposeful communication often isnt.1.according to abraham kaplan，a duologue .a.can ruin a conferenceb.often occurs among a crowd of peoplec.provides instant feedbackd.is an inattentive conversation between people2.its generally believed that people communicate to .a.lead others to believe liesb.explore the faithful informationc.convey information to each otherd.distinguish faithful information from lies3.the underlined word “incoherence” in paragraph 2 means something that .a.speakers cant express preciselyb.goes off the subject of the conversationc.is abstract and difficult to understandd.speakers dont prepare listeners to understand4.what can we learn from the psychology experiments?a.more than half of the subjects were talked in a confused way.b.it takes a lot of effort to convey information clearly.c.people are able to realize the nonsense in their communication.d.the experiments prove that purposeful communication doesnt exist.dshoyna，a small russian village located on the edge of the arctic circle，is often referred to as the worlds northernmost desert.the sand covers everything as far as the eye can see and the few people living here never dare shut their front doors at night，for fear of being buried alive by the evershifting dunes(沙丘).they try day and night to change the desert into a green area but in vain.however，shoyna wasnt always like this.it was settled in the 1930s by fishermen drawn to the coast of the white sea by the abundance of fish in the area.in just two decades，it had grown into a bustling fishing port with a population of around 1,500 people and a fleet of roughly seventy fishing boats.however，it wasnt long before the fishery collapsed.dozens of vessels lining the shore stopped coming and many of the families that had thrived(繁荣) in shoyna slowly moved away.today，the official number of inhabitants is 375，and most of them survive on unemployment benefits and pensions.hunting is also a way to make ends meet，thanks to a large number of barnacles and brent geese that use shoyna as a stopover on their migration route，but the most profitable job in the village is definitely that of a bulldozer(推土机) driver，as everyone needs to have their house dug up from the sand at one point.modernday shoyna lies in the middle of a desert，but historical records show that when the first fishermen settled here in the 1930s，it was an unexpected land covered with moss and trees.no one knows exactly what moved the sand to this place，but experts believe it was caused either by the massive fishing that damaged the seabed vegetation，allowing the sand to rise up and be swept to shore，or by the deforestation carried out by the local population decades ago.the sand dunes now constantly migrate up and down the coast by the westerly wind，and can completely bury houses in shoyna in a single night.locals have grown accustomed to the shifting sands and waking up to sunlight going only through the top part of their windows，but always leave their front doors open so they dont get blocked in.local meteorologist natasha told english russia that she now uses a manhole cut into the roof of her house as a door，after getting sick of constantly having to dig the building out of the sand.“its very comfortable，” she says.“you get out right on the ground and go wherever you want.”shoyna has just one bulldozer to help the people dig out their homes after a windy night，whose driver is sasha.it takes ten hours to uncover a house completely，and since one hour of work costs roughly 70，few people can afford his services.the russian government only subsidizes(补助) 40 hours a month，which is far from enough.whats more，there arent enough hours in a day to help all those in need.“i dig one house out，and the others are mad at me，” he says.apart from having seen many of the houses sink beneath the sand，locals have also developed physiological problems from constantly having to walk on uneven sand，according to the local doctor.there are no roads or railroads connecting shoyna to the rest of the world，so the only ways in and out of the village are by sea or air.despite their struggles with the sand and isolation(孤立) from the world，locals are reportedly very proud of their offthegrid settlement and very generous and friendly to visitors，inviting visitors into their homes for traditional seafood feasts，despite lack of fish in the sea.now many scientists come to shoyna in order to study and understand the phenomenon of sand dune migration and how to stop it.5.what may be the main trouble that the local people have in shoyna?a.closing their front doors.b.being endangered by sand.c.failing to plant more trees.d.lacking bulldozers to dig their house.6.which job can offer the most pay in shoyna now?a.producing fishing boats.b.being a fisherman.c.being a physiological doctor.d.driving a bulldozer.7.why did shoyna turn into a desert in experts view?a.due to human activities.b.due to climate change.c.due to natural disasters.d.due to lack of exploration.8.what can we learn about sasha?a.he seldom works very long hours.b.he charges a little for his services.c.he fails to help everyone in the village.d.he sometimes offers free services to villagers.9.which of the following words can best describe shoyna?a.its the pride of local villagers.b.its a manmade attraction.c.its a spot suitable for scientific study.d.its an environmental disaster.10.what is the best title of this text?a.a village is disappearing in a desertb.people have a special lifestyle in shoynac.a village fights a losing battle against sandd.man is escaping from a frightening villageii.任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。we all need to feel understood，recognized and affirmed(证实) by our friends，family and romantic partners.we all need to find our tribe.research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning.when other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.though we all share a need to belong，in the first decades of the 20th century，many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature.the idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous，but also dismissed as immoral and disgusting.as behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to childraising，this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life.they discovered that people，whatever their age，needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.but，sadly，many of us lack close ties.at a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before，rates of social isolation(孤立) are rising.the results of an age uk poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone，and its not unusual for another half a million people to go without someone to speak to for five or six days.all these figures reveal more than a rise in lonelinessthey reveal a lack of meaning in peoples lives.in surveys，we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning.research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.while close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life，they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培养).psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy(亲昵行为).“highquality connections”，as one researcher calls them，are positive，shortterm interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的) conversation on a plane.highquality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances，colleagues and strangers.we cant control whether someone will make a highquality connection with us，but we can all choose to start one.we can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away.we can choose to value people rather than devalue them.we can invite people to belong.passage outlinesupporting detailsthe need to belongeveryone hopes to develop a 1. of belonging in a group.peoples selfrespect is 2. by other peoples opinion.the changing 3. to belongingmany famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century 4. that people had the need to belong.experts later came to realize that people，regardless of their age，needed 5. to enjoy full and healthy lives.consequences of 6. close tiesmany people are cut off from the world and feel 7. .people who do not have enough close relationships find their lives are less 8. .another way to meet the needhighquality connections make a 9. in helping satisfy our need to belong.we should 10. to make a highquality connection.iii.书面表达(满分25分)(周围的环境)请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。living in two different cultures has its benefits and challenges.although i was born in america，my parents moved to the u.s.from china.my parents continued to perform their customs and hold onto their beliefs and traditions.this has influenced me in several ways.i have learned to speak 3 languages，including english.i eat a variety of foods and celebrate different holidays that have to do with my culture.it is very fun when i get to interact with people of my nationality and speak to them in a different language.sharing my culture and information about my nationality with others is very important to me.i always try to mix both american and chinese traditions，customs，and foods.even though this can be a major advantage there are many disadvantages to being part of two cultures.for example，sometimes speaking a language at home and speaking another language in school can get confusing.this is because sometimes i have trouble expressing my thoughts in english because they can only be said in another language i speak.写作内容1.用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容；2.结合上述信息，谈谈你对身处多元文化环境的看法，内容包括：(1)你如何看待多元文化环境对未成年人的影响；(2)如果可以选择，你是否会选择生活在多元文化环境中并陈述理由。写作要求 1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；3.不必写标题。评分标准内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 参考答案1.d细节理解题。根据第一段的第一、二句可知，“duologue”是交谈双方注意力不集中的谈话。故选d项。2.c细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，人们交流的目的是如实地传达信息。故选c项。3.b词义猜测题。根据第二段的最后两句可知，人们在正常的交谈中丝毫察觉不到没有逻辑的内容，即偏离交谈主题的内容，incoherence偏离主题，没有连贯性，无逻辑性。故选b项。4.b推理判断题。根据实验的内容和文章最后一句可知，这一研究确实加深了一种猜测，那就是即使是据称有目的的交流往往也并非如此。这进一步证明了第二段的一个观点：transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule。故选b项。语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了俄罗斯的小村庄shoyna被称为世界上最北的沙漠，那里的村民们正日夜跟沙漠奋战，然而，他们却没有任何办法制服这疯狂的沙漠。5.b细节理解题。从第一段中的“the sand covers everything as far as the eye can see and the few people living here never dare shut their front doors at night，for fear of being buried alive by the evershifting dunes(沙丘).”和下文内容可知，沙子严重危及俄罗斯shoyna村村民的生活。故选b项。6.d细节理解题。从第二段中的“.but the most profitable job in the village is definitely that of a bulldozer(推土机) driver，as everyone needs to have their house dug up from the sand at one point.”可知，在shoyna，最赚钱的人是开推土机的司机。故选d项。7.a细节理解题。从第三段中的“.experts believe it was caused either by the massive fishing that damaged the seabed vegetation，allowing the sand to rise up and be swept to shore，or by the deforestation carried out by the local population decades ago.”可知，专家认为，正是人类的过度捕捞或乱砍滥伐导致这个村庄变成了沙漠。8.c推理判断题。从第五段中的“whats more，ther