北师大版必修三unit 7 The sea Communication Workshop and Cultural Corner学案.docx

unit 7 the sea communication workshop and cultural corner学案学习语法规则状语从句一、概说状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。二、时间状语从句1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as等：things were different when i was a child.我小时候情况与现在不同。we must strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：(1)表示“一就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。如：immediately he came i told him the news.他一来我就把消息告诉了他。the moment i saw him i knew there was no hope.我一看到他就知道没希望了。 (2)涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：every time i see her ill think of it.每次我看到她，我就想起这事。2.时间状语从句与及其主句的时态关于这个问题有两点值得注意：(1)当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：turn off the lights before you leave.走前关灯。 (2)与since从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：he has lived here since 1999.自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。注：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时：yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。三、条件状语从句1.引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要的有if, unless, as so long as等：as long as it doesnt rain we can go.只要不下雨，我们就可以去。注：除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件：if case i forget, please remind me about it.万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。suppose和supposing引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：suppose the boss saw you，what would he say?如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?2.条件状语从句的时态当主句为将来时态或具有将来意时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：in case he comes, let me know.如果他来，告诉我一声。注：有时也可见到if you will这样的说法，但那不是将来时态，而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(此处的will是情态动词)：if you will wait for a moment, ill go and tell the manager that you are here.请等一下，我去告诉经理说你来了。四、目的状语从句1.引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要的有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：speak clearly so that they may understand you.讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。注：so that引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so：bring it closer that i might see it better.拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。2.目的状语从句与状语短语的转换为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换：he got up early so that he could catch the early bus. / he got up early so as to catch the early bus.他起床很早以便赶上早班车。有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换：he left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / he left an hour early for fear of missing the train.他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。3.in case的用法说明in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：in case he comes, let me know.如果他来，告诉我一声。注：in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：take your coat in case it rains (should rain).带着雨衣以防下雨。五、结果状语从句1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等：he studied hard so that he passed the exam.他学习用功，所以考试通过了。注：sothat和suchthat中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：i am so busy i have no time to write a letter.我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。2.sothat与suchthat的用法比较从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：正：he is so clever a child that we all like him.这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。正：they are such clever children that we all like them.这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：they are so clever children that we all like them.此时的sothat结构可与suchthat结构转换：its such an interesting film that we all want to see it.这电影很有趣，我们都想看。its so interesting a film that we all want to see it.这电影很有趣，我们都想看。注：在much, many, little, few这四个词前总是用so而不用such：he had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。he earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family.他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。3.结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换由so that和sothat引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和soas to引出的不定式短语转换：he arrived late so that he missed the train. / he arrived late so as to miss the train.他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。4.so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别(1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。(2)形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有can中/ could, may / might, will /would以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：weve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly.我们来得很早，以便可以马上开会。(so that引导目的状语从句)we are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last.我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。(so that引导结果状语从句)i am going to the lecture early so that ill get a good seat.我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that引导目的状语从句)i went to the lecture early so that i got a good seat.我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。(so that引导结果状语从句)另外，so that引导目的从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导结果从句时却不能：正：so that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of money.他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句)误：so that i could hardly stand, i was tired.(引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为i was tired so that i could hardly stand.我很累，几乎站不稳了。)5.sothat和suchthat有时不引导结果状语句sothat和suchthat可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定是结果状语。请看以下句子：im so happy that you could visit us.我很高兴你能来看望我们。(其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very)its such a great pleasure that you are here.你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。(其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语)六、原因状语从句1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等：since as weve no money, we cant buy it.由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。seeing that its raining，wed better stay indoors.既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。注：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句(when表示“既然”)：i cant tell you when you wont listen.既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。2.关于notbecause结构该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：i didnt go because i was afraid.我没有去是因为怕。/我不是因为怕才去。不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not是否定从句的：you shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。3.because习惯上不与so连用汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将so与because连用：因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。正：because it was raining, we stayed at home. / it was raining, so we stayed at home.误：because it was raining, so we stayed at home.4.because从句与because of短语的转换because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语转换：i said nothing about it because his wife was there. / i said nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。七、让步状语从句1.引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要的有although, though, even though, even if等：although he is poor, hes still happy.虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。well go even if it rains.即使下雨我们也要去注：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外，还应注意以下情况：(1)用when和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”：she stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。while i understand what you say, i cant agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。(2)用whetheror引导让步状语从句：ill do it whether you like it or not.不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。whether we help him or not, he will fail.不论我们帮助他与否,他都将失败。(3)用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever等引导让步状语从句：he does whatever she asks him to do.她要他做什么，他就做什么。2.whatever, however等-ever词用法说明这些词在用法应注意以下几点：(1)它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论”：whatever you say, i believe you.无论你说什么，我都相信你。whoever telephones, tell them im out.不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 (2)它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter，如说：no matter what you say, i believe you.无论你说什么，我都相信你。 (3)注意however的以下种句型：however+主语+谓语：however you travel, itll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走，至少要三天。however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语：however much he eats, he never gets fat.无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略：he was of some help, however small.他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。 (4)有时从句谓语可用情态动词：ill find him, wherever he is may be.无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。 (5)whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever有时可引导地点状语从句：whenever we see him we speak to him.每次见到他，我们都和他说话。3.为什么不能说(al)thoughbut汉语中可说“虽然但是”，但按英语习惯，通常不能说althoughbut或thoughbut：虽然很危险，但我要试试。误：although it is dangerous, but i will try.正：although it is dangerous, i will try. / it is dangerous, but i will try.不能将汉语的“虽然但是”直译为(al)thoughbut，这是因为(al)though为从属连词，用于引导让步状语从句；而but在表示“但是”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词(al)though，又用了并列连词but，使得句子一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉(al)though和but中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。但是，如果就此认为although永远不与but连用，这也是片面的，请看两例：(1)but i didnt know that then, although i learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事，尽管后来我还是知道了。此句既用了并列连词but，又用了从属连词although，但它并未造成错误，原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同，即此句but用于although之前，but在此仅起到与上文转折的作用，but后的i didnt know that then, although i learned it later.仍为一个复合句。(2)i tried doing the accounts, but although i knew some maths i found it very difficult.我试着算这些账，但尽管我懂点数学，仍感到很困难。此句将but与although用在一起，但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看，它是一个以并列连词but连接的并列句，而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句although i knew some maths的复合句这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为i tried doing the accounts, but i found it very difficult although i knew some maths.4.让步状语从句与倒装引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although：poor though i am, i can afford it.我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。注：as可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。八、方式状语从句1.引导方式状语从句的从属连词主要的有as, as if, as though等：you must do as your parents tell you.你必须按你父母说的去做。they treated the child as if she were their own.他们待这孩子像亲生的一样。注：(1)在非正式文体中，like也可用连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：nobody loves you like i do.没有人像我这样爱你。(2)有时the way也可用作连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：the didnt do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。2.as if as though从句与虚拟语气一般说来，若as if和as though从句所表示的内容可能为事实，则用陈述语气，若为假设或不大可能为事实，则用虚拟语气。不过在非正式文体中，有时即使句意明确地表示不是事实，也可能用陈述语气：he treats me as if i am were a stranger.他待我有如陌生人。九、地点状语从句1.引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等：put the medicine where children cant reach it.把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。you cant camp where wherever, anywhere you like these days.如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。十、状语从句与省略为了简洁起见，有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包括有动词be时)：she fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework.他在做作业时睡着了。he opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak.他张开口，好像要说话似的。id like to see you whenever (its) convenient.在你方便的时候我想来看看你。注：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so：if possible, i wish to go there next summer.如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。he may be busy. if so, ill call later. if not, can i see him now?他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?练 习 题高考真题精选1.the farmer watered the vegetables in the field _they might grow better. a. in caseb. for fear thatc. in orderd. so that2.if they dont understand it the first time, go over it again _ they do. a. whenb. afterc. sinced. until3.i wont accept their offer, _ favorable the conditions. a. howb. howeverc. no matterd. no matter however4._ it happened to be a nice day, we decided to go to the beach. a. whenb. beforec. ifd. since5.we were just about ready to leave _ it started to snow. a. whenb. beforec. afterd. since6.ill keep his address _ i need it. a. so thatb. in order thatc. in cased. when7.will you keep my place in the queue for me _ i go and make a phone call? a. sinceb. whilec. in cased. until8._ im very much mistaken, thats my watch youre wearing! a. ifb. unlessc. sinced. because9.the mother dont let the boy touch the knife_ he might cut himself. a. in order thatb. so as thatc. for feard. that10.the modern history ofitalydates from 1860, _ the country became united. a. whenb. ifc. sinced. until11.we cant move into the new flat _ the other tenants have moved out. a. sinceb. whenc. untild. as12.when i met him last week, it was the first time we had seen each other _ we were at school. a. thatb. sincec. whend. after13.she made a note of it _ she might forget. a. so thatb. in order thatc. ifd.in case14.the fire went on for quite some time _ it was brought under control. a. whenb. sincec. afterd. before15.they sat down opposite each other, but it was some moments _ they spoke. a. afterb. beforec. sinced. when16._ the government agrees to give extra money , the theatre will have to close. a. untilb. unlessc. sinced. while17._ i suggest, he always disagrees. a. howeverb. whateverc. whicheverd. whoever18.their country has plenty of oil, _ ours has none. a. whileb. whenc. unlessd. since19._when do the pubs stay open? about midnight. a. sinceb. beforec. untild. after20._ i understand what you say, i cant agree with you. a. sinceb. becausec. ifd. while翻译句子1. 要不了多久，我们就到工厂了。2. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。3. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。4. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。5. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。6. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。7. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。8. 战后，在原剧院的旧址上，新建了一所学校。9. 她一个人时，常常哭泣。(省略的状语从句)10. 我刚一开门，电话铃就响了。（倒装）感受文化背景saying “god bless you” to an sneezer(打喷嚏的人) when you sneeze, americans would say “god bless you” to you. in many european cultures, sneezing traditionally is connected with death and aericans believe that you very close to death when you sneeze, because sneezing can sneezing can drive out the soul, and thus life will escape fro the body. so they say “god bless you” to a sneezer as a protection against the danger of the moment. neglecting(忽视)this magical words could mean that the sneezer would end up in the next world. however, many peoples around the world are cheered by hearing someone sneeze. the maori of new zealand believe that the creator god tiki sneezed life into the first human being; the zulus of southern africa take the sneeze as the sign of a kind-hearted spirit; and the ancient hebrews believed sneezing was equal to life, because they recognized that the dead never sneeze.