广药14届医学英语期末重点.docx

广药14届医学英语期末重点课文考了第一单元第七单元句子翻译重点15.All the specialized scientific views of the body are valid. All, however, must start from the same premise: an awareness of the bodys basic structure and functionsits anatomy and physiology. And the bedrock principle of our present understanding of the body is that all living matter is composed of cells basically similar in structure and function. 考了第一单元 第一部分 所有有关人体的专业科学的观点都是有根据的。然而，所有的这些都必须从同一个前提开始：那就是对研究人体的基本结构和功能的解剖学和生理学的认识。我们对身体的了解的基本原则是所有生物都是由结构和功能基本相似的细胞构成的。17.Studies of the cellwhat it is , what it does and how it reproduces itself have revealed it to be a fantastically complex world in itself. One of the major wonders of the cell is the disparity between its minuteness and the prodigiousness of its activity. Each cell is so tiny that millions of them may be found in a half-inch cube of human body tissue. Yet each comprises an almost unimaginably busy chemical laboratory with a highly ordered division of labor.第一单元 关于细胞是什么，它是干什么的和如何复制的研究，已经显露出细胞本身那令人难以置信的复杂世界。细胞的一大精妙之处在于体积之微与活动能力之强之间的反差。每个细胞是如此渺小，以至于我们可能在一个半英寸立方体大小的人体组织中发现数以万计的细胞。然而，每个（细胞）构成了一个秩序井然、分工明确、忙碌得几乎难以想象的化学实验室。10. Bounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane, which keeps the cell contents in and undesirable material out.第一单元包裹着细胞质的是细胞膜。它将细胞内容物包容于细胞之内，将不需之物排斥于外。7.Another packages the manufactured protein for transport wherever needed in the body.第一单元 另一个将制成的蛋白质加工包装，并将其运输到身体所需的各个部位。18.The human body is a remarkably complex and efficient machine. It takes in and absorbs oxygen through the respiratory system. Then the oxygen-enriched blood is distributed through the cardiovascular system to all tissues. The digestive system converts digestible food to energy and disposes of the rest. The skeletal-muscular system gives form to the body. And covering almost the entire mass is the skin, the largest organ of the body. The science of the structure of this complicated” machine” is called anatomy.第二单元开头 人体是一个非常复杂且有效的机器。它通过呼吸系统吸入和吸收氧气。然后富氧的血液通过心血管系统分布到全部组织。消化系统将易消化的食物转变为能量并且处理掉不能消化的。骨骼肌系统组成了人体形态。皮肤几乎覆盖了整个人体，是人体最大的器官。研究这个复杂机器结构的科学被称为“解剖学”。19. One of the major systems is the skeletal-muscular system. The body is supported and given shape by this structure, consisting of more than 200 bones and the muscles and tendons which are connected to them. They are strong but can bend at their joins. They also serve as a shield, protecting the vital internal organs from injury. 第二单元第二段 骨骼肌系统是主要的系统之一。人体由这个结构支撑且构成形状，这个结构由200多块骨头和与之连接的肌肉和腱组成。它们非常地坚韧但是能够在关节内弯曲。它们也能充当盾牌，保护内部的重要的器官免受伤害。4. Closely associated with the urinary system is the reproductive system，by which human life is carried on to future generations. Sperm cells are produced in the testicles of the male and ejaculated through the penis into the female vagina. The fertilization of the females ovum (egg) by the males sperm is called conception. It usually occurs in one of the fallopian tubes, which the sperm reaches through active movement from the place of deposition. Normally, the fertilized egg then travels to the uterus. 考了第二单元 后面倒数 与泌尿系统紧密联系的是生殖系统，通过生殖系统人类的生命得以世代延续。精子细胞在男性睾丸中产生并通过阴茎射精进入女性阴道中。女性的卵子与男性的精子结合称为受孕。受精通常发生在一侧的输卵管中，精子通过运动从存放处到达这一侧的输卵管。正常情况下，接着（发生的）是受精卵游移到子宫。6.+8.Although all pathogens pose potential threats if they gain entry to the body, the chances of this occurring are actually quite small. They must first overcome a number of effective barriers, many of which were established in the body prior to birth. 考了第三单元 开头 尽管所有的病原体若进入人体后都会造成潜在的威胁，但实际上这个情况发生的可能性相当小。它们必须先克服一系列有效的屏障,其中许多屏障是在出生之前就已经建立的。21.If you are exposed to an organism, either during your day-to-day life or through vaccination, you will eventually develop an active acquired immunity to that organism. Your body will produce its own antibodies, and, in most cases, you will not have to worry about subsequent exposures to the disease.第三单元 最后一段 如果你通过日常生活或接种的任何一个方式感染了一种微生物，你最终将对这种病原体产生获得性免疫。你的身体会生产（这种微生物）相应的抗体并且大多数情况下，你不必担心以后会再受这种疾病的侵害。14.In countries where modern medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that were once widespread killers can now be prevented or diagnosed early and cured. Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur. 考了第四单元 第一部分 现在在一些现代医疗设施齐备的国家， 已经可以预防或者很早地诊断并治愈过去一度具有大规模杀伤性的传染性疾病。 过去一度具有大规模杀伤性的传染性疾病现在已经可以被预防或者被很早地诊断出来并治愈。多亏了疫苗、抗生素（的出现），和公共卫生条件的改善，（让）过去大部分致命的传染病已经不大可能卷土重来了。22.Todays major killers are noninfectious diseases-especially the various forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As life expectancy increases, people are more likely to succumb to degenerative conditions that the aging body is susceptible to. In addition, many factors of modern life - such as environmental pollution, occupational hazards, stress, a sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet, the use of cigarettes, drugs and alcohol abuse - contribute to the development of disease. 第四单元 第一部分今天人类主要的杀手是那些没有传染性的疾病，尤其是各种各样类型的的心血管疾病和癌症。随着预期寿命的延长，人们更可能死于 易侵袭年老躯体的退化性疾病。 年老躯体易患的退化性疾病。另外，现代生活的很多因素都导致了疾病。例如环境污染、职业伤害风险、压力、久坐不动的生活方式、不健康的饮食（习惯）、吸烟、药物滥用和过度饮酒。11.Physicians can often detect or predict heart problems by measuring the rate of the heartbeat (called the pulse) and by taking the patients blood pressure.第四单元 医生经常可以通过测量心脏搏动的速率（又叫脉搏）和通过测量病人的血压来检测或预测心脏问题。9.Confusion, memory loss, and inability to distinguish reality and fantasy are all symptoms that can be caused by damage to the brain.第四单元 意识混乱、记忆丧失和无法分辨真实与虚幻的场景（痴呆）都是由大脑损伤带来的症状。1.+16.An error of interpretation of this sort makes the experimental scientist cautions about giving biological significance to a sex difference when the observation is made in only one society at one period. And these remarks are not made to deny the existence of biological differences but only to encourage caution in interpreting observations. 考了第五单元 在一个社会的某个时期的观察中，这种错误的理解使科学家们对于给性差异一个生物学定义十分谨慎。 这一类解释上的错误使实验科学家在解读特定社会、特定时期中性差异的生物学意义变得谨慎小心。说这些话的用意，不在于否认生物学差异的存在，而是为了提倡对观察结果进行解读时要小心谨慎。2.+23.Drug testing employs various laboratory techniques to detect even minute traces of the metabolic breakdown products of marijuana，cocaine, and many kinds of prescription drugs. If a person takes a drug overdose and loses consciousness and no one is sure which drug was consumed, physicians quickly test the urine to identify the drug and determine the best treatment for saving the patients life. Two additional uses testing athletes and employees for drug use in the playing field or on the job are currently quite controversial.第六单元药物检测使用各种实验室技术去检测/测定由新陈代谢故障产生的大麻、可卡因和许多处方药的微小踪迹。如果一个人服药过多失去意识/知觉，又没人确定他服用了哪种药物，内科医生能很快地进行尿检得以确认，并确定拯救病人生命的最佳治疗方案。两个目前仍有争议的额外作用是检测运动员和员工在运动领域或工作中对药物的使用情况。1. Chymes volume and composition affect how fast the stomach empties. For example, large meals activate more stomach receptors, these call for more forceful contraction, and emptying speeds up. 第七单元P111倒数第三段 食糜的量和组成影响到胃的排空速度。比如说，大量进食触发更多的胃壁感觉器官，感觉器官引来更强有力的收缩，排空的速度就加快了。 20. An individual with this condition will probably have a