社会工作专业外语结课论文.doc

社会工作专业英语结课论文学期：2010-2011-1年级：社会工作08级即将被垃圾埋葬的文明社会A Society to Be Buried in Garbage姓名：陈启龙学号：A12080148班级：社会工作0801A Society to Be Buried in GarbageAbstract: An affluent society is now burying itself ever-garbage. This is not fantasy, but stark reality. This article will tell us a true reality of the relationship garbage and human in United States. It is really a warning to us in China.Key words: society; garbage; buried us; solve the problemIn the United States, the residents discard garbage at a rate of 720 million tons a year at large, or in other words, ten thousand people produce enough garbage in a single year to cover a football field to a height of 15 feet. The monumental increase in the amount of garbage creates a terrible burden on municipal governments. Most cities still dispose of their waste by throwing it on open dumps or burning it in runs out of the dumps pollutes streams and underground water supplies. The more serious crisis is that the nation is now running out of space for dump sites. Incineration is a major source of air pollution. From the standpoint of public health, efficiency of operations and protection of natural resources, land-disposal operations and municipal incinerators now in use are unsatisfactory. Ocean disposal means dumping garbage into the sea some miles offshore. As reported, a “dead sea” was created 12 miles south to Long Island off New Jersey coast. A 20-square-mile area of muddy brown water was so befouled that it could no longer support marine life. On the western coast, San Francisco has been forced to dump its garbage into the San Francisco Bay, which is threatening to destroy fishing and to fill the bay itself. Yet bleak as this picture may appear, new technology and idea for treating solid waste are under way. A plant was built at Cambridge, Mss., to compress garbage with tremendous pressure into small bales that can be dumped into land-fills or used to reclaim land from rivers and even from the ocean. One incinerator known as the CPU-400 was built in Palo Alto, California. It produces 15 000 kilowatts of electricity daily in the course of burning 400 tons of municipal waste. In order to produce heat energy efficiently and consistently, the waste must be modified before they enter the furnace. One way to do that is to crush and shred the waste into even size fuel. Recycling, reclaiming and reusing components of garbage is the most promising idea of garbage handling. Separation of garbage is a key factor to this process. The methods now in use vary from sorting useful metals from garbage by hand to relatively sophisticated systems of separation by magnets and air currents. Materials such as aluminium, steel, zinc, copper, nickel, tin, lead, silver, gold, glass, plastics, paper can be reclaimed if the garbage is sorted. But the manipulations involved are costly. Companies suffer losses in running waste salvage. A simple fact is: waste material must compete effectively in the marketplace if they are to be used as raw materials for industries. If recycling of metals is less profitable than obtaining them from poor ores, recycling them has no value at all. Ironically, it costs the United States a staggering $4.5 billion each year to collect and handle solid waste materials but only about 50 percent of the copper, lead and iron is recycled and about 30 percent of the aluminium and 20 percent of the zinc are reused again. There was a time when people sold old newspaper and worn-out autos to junk-dealers. Now the price for paper and scrap metal is so low that most people believe it is no longer worth the trouble. People also used to return empty bottles for a refund, but a two-or-three cent deposit is not much any more. As a result, paper is thrown out with household garbage, old cars are abandoned in the streets, bottles are littered everywhere in this country. Legislators and officials tend to legislative actions. For instance, four bills have been introduced into Congress to tax or ban non-returnable containers, many of which are made of plastics. As a response, the Glass Container Manufacturers Institute set up recently bottle redemption centers in twenty-on states. It estimated 11 billion bottles a year could be salvaged by these centers. A proposal under consideration in 1970 would charge an initial car buyer a fixed sum for a “bounty registration”, perhaps $ 50.This would go with the car from owner to owner until the car was ready for the scrap heap. The ultimate owner would get $ 50 by turning it in at an authorized auto graveyard. The governor of Maryland, Marvin Mandel asked his state legislature to approve a plan to pay a bounty of $ 10 to any one who brings an old car to a junk dealer. But so far few people have responded to this. Many American car-owners abandon their old cars just by running then into a remote valley, or leaving them in parking lots.Some experts believe that the trash crisis will not be solved until American industry develops what scientists call a “biodegradable” container, one that dissolves or rots quickly after use. The perfect example is the ice cream cone. It can be eaten, of course, but if it is not, it disintegrates easily in water or on a garbage heap. Another is a soup package that dissolves right along with its contents. MY OPINION: In my opinion the government must be do more things to solve the problem of de garbage. One of the main issue of the government is how to handle the rubbish problems. The first problem is about the space. There is a shortage of space for depositing waste. Currently in the city, especially the big cities, space is gold, people tend to use available spaces in more valuable business, not storing and processing the garbage. One solution of this problem can be on the suburb. The suburb is an edge of flourish. But in other hand, its comparatively close to the city center. The garbage can be collected and later send to the waste processing plant on suburb without using the city spaces and avoid the pollution.Another problem that also needs concern is the increased transport costs, itmakes waste disposal expensive. The oil price is soaring nowadays, government will no longer afford the high transport price for the garbage. However, there is other way to drive the car without gasoline. That is, the electro-car. By using this kind of car, government can save a lot of money on the gasoline. Whats more, the electro-car is also environmental friendly without pollution. Overall, I am convinced that the problems always have solutions. If more and more people concern about the waste processing problems, there will be more options to solve them.World list: 6stark adj. (完全的，十足的，严格的) incinerator n. (焚化炉)roach n. (蟑螂)befoul vt. (弄脏，污染)marine adj. (海洋的)bale n. (大包，大困)reclaim vt.（开垦，开拓）kilowatt n.(千瓦) separation n. (分离，分开)sophisticated adj.(很发杂的)magnet n. (磁铁)legislator n. (议员，立法者)bounty n. (奖励金)registration n. (注册)trash n. (废物，垃圾)scrap n. (废金属)sort n.,vi. (种类，分类)refund vi.,vt. (归还，退还钱)redemption n. (赎回)salvage vi.,vt. (废物利用)consistently adv. (连贯地)dump vi.（倾倒，垃圾堆）即将被垃圾埋葬的文明社会摘要：一个富裕的社会现在正在把自己埋在日益增长的垃圾堆里，这不是一个虚构而是严酷的事实。这篇文章将告诉我们一个真实的在美国的垃圾与人类的关系。这对在中国的我们也是一个警示。关键词：文明社会，垃圾，淹没我们，解决办法一个富裕的社会现在正在把自己埋在日益增长的垃圾堆里，这不是虚构而是严酷的现实。在美国，居民们每年抛弃的垃圾大概是1.2亿吨。或者，换种说法，每一万人每年造成的垃圾足以把一个足球场堆满到15英尺高。垃圾数量的迅猛增加对市政府形成了可怕的负担。大多数城市处理办法仍是把废弃物扔到敞开的垃圾堆放场或者在焚烧炉里烧掉。然而，垃圾堆放场是臭气熏天、孳生苍蝇、老鼠和蟑螂之地。从垃圾堆里流出来的雨水污染河流和地下水源。从公众的健康、操作效率和保护自然资源的立场出发，现在使用的土埋和火焚的办法都是不能令人满意的。海洋处理法的意思是把垃圾抛入离海岸若干英里的大海里。据报道，在新泽西州海岸处，长岛南12英里处形成了一个“死海”，一个12平方英里的浑浊的、棕色的海域被弄成那么脏，以致它再也不能维持海洋生命了。在西海岸中，旧金山市曾被迫把垃圾仍进旧金山海湾，结果已威胁到渔业，海湾本身也要被填掉。然而，尽管这种情景看起来凄凉、暗淡，处理固体废弃物的技术和设想已在形成。在马萨诸塞州的剑桥建成了一座工厂，用巨大的压力把垃圾压成方块，然后把它们扔到填坑或甚至用它们填河流造地或填海造地。有一座焚烧炉叫做CPU-400，建在加利福尼亚州的帕洛阿尔托，它每日烧该市的垃圾400吨，生产出15000千瓦电力。为了有效地和持续地生产热能，垃圾进炉之前要经过加工，方法之一就是把垃圾压碎、撕成大小均匀的燃料。循环、回收和再生产垃圾的有用成分是最有效的垃圾处理办法。垃圾分离就是这一过程关键的一步。现在使用的办法有从以手工方式把有用金属从垃圾中分类挑出到使用磁铁和压缩空气流的相对复杂的分离系统。只要把垃圾分类，像铝、钢、锌、铜、镍、锡、铅、银、金、玻璃、塑料、纸这样的材料可以回收，但是涉及的操作代价太昂贵。从事废品回收的公司常亏本。一个简单的事实是：废料如果要作为原料被工业采用，那么它在市场上必须有有效的竞争力。如果循环使用金属还不如从贫矿石获取金属有利可图，循环使用金属完全没有价值了。令人难堪的是，美国每年花掉令人惊愕的45亿美元去收集和处理固体废料，而只有大约50的铜、铅、铁被循环使用，大约30的铝和20的锌被重新使用。人们曾经把旧报纸和旧汽车卖给旧货商。现在旧报纸和废金属的价钱那么低，以至于大多数人都认为再也不值得去费事了。人们以前也退空瓶换回押金，但现在两三分钱再也不算什么了。