定从解---学生版.docx

定 语 从 句此章节非常重要此章节在高考单选中每年都会考到，阅读理解、完形填空、以及作文都会涉及到阅读理解。Mr. Zhao2015/10/1目 录1.定义3 2.分类33.引导词4(1)关系代词4(2)关系副词94.as与which的区别115.介词与关系代词126.综合复习14补 充 内 容一、四大词性 抽象名词：看不见的东西（love）名 词：n（noun） 具体名词：能看得见的东西（dog，book）动 词：v（verb）人体各个部位发出的动作（go，eat）形容词：adj（adjective）标志： .的 beautiful（漂亮的）副 词：adv（adverb）标志： 地 happily （开心的）代 词：pron（pronoun）介 词：prep（preposition）客观：不能改变的（今天天气很热，你不可能改变今天的天气状况）receive主观：能够改变的（一位姑娘向你表白，你可以接受，也可以不接受，可以做出选择改变）accept我们先来看一下代词：pronoun= Pro + noun 前面 名词1. 这说明代词是由名词派生出来的，代词隶属于名词，在我以后所讲的内容里，代词就是名词。2. 我们再看看adj和adv，他们俩都有ad，说明他们俩是一对兄弟，既然是兄弟，那么他们就有关系。（1） adj + ly = advslow + ly = slowly慢慢的 慢慢地说明adj+ly=adv（2） n + ly = adjfriend + ly = friendly 说明n+ly=adj（3） 动词verb，副词adverb，ad+verbad表示强调，放在动词的前面，说明adverb修饰动词。n + v + nA boy loves a girl.A handsome boy very loves a beautiful girl.adj adv adj A very handsome boy very very loves a very beautiful girl.adv adj adv adv adv adjn + v + n adj adv adjadv adv adv 通过这个推到图可以观察到以下规律：Adj修饰nAdv修饰v，adj，adv。Adv不能修饰nV是动词的核心N是动作的发出者和动作的承受者练习题：1. They happily (happy) lived in the countryside. 2. A taxi suddenly (sudden) stopped in front of me.二、动词的形式do did done doing原形 过去式 去分词 现在分词一般现在时 一般过去时 完成时（现在和过去） 正在进行时（现在和过去） vt（及物动词）后面加宾语三、动词（V）vi（不及物动词）后面不加宾语 get to 初中学过三个词都表示到达 arrive at/in reach I get to schoolI arrive at schoolI reach school这里我们可以看到，get/arrive 后面加了介词，而reach 没有加，说明不及物动词要想加宾语，则要在它的后面加上介词才能宾语。也就是说，不及物动词加上介词等于及物动词（vi+ prep = vt ）再看看下面的 I sleep（我睡觉）这句话后面没有宾语，如果说我和Tom睡觉，就必须在sleep后面加上介词with，构成及物动词，再加Tom。 I sleep with Tom。如果把with去掉变成I sleep Tom，变成了我睡Tom，这样肯定表达错误。四、五种基本句型（也就是简单句）1、主+谓（n + vi）I sleep in the room. 地点状语2、主+谓+宾（n+ vt + n）I bought a cat yesterday.3、主+谓+宾+宾（n+ vt + n +n）I tell Tom a story.4、主+谓+宾+宾补（n + vt + n + adj）The news makes me happy.5、主+系+表I am a teacher看下面几句话Tom is a boy.这句话是主系表结构因为be动词is和后面的成份没有关系，独立存在的。Tom is reading books.这句话是主谓宾，因为be动词is和后面reading有关系，没有is就没有doing形式。Tom is interested in music.这句话我们也称为是主谓宾，因为be interested in是一个固定短语，连在一起的不可分隔，所以称为主谓宾。请同学们注意: 当be动词与后面成份没有关系时，我们称为主系表，如果有关系，我们称为主谓宾。看下面的句子 I want to buy a cat. 我真想买一只猫咪。 n vt n我们称这种句子为主谓宾，你可以把want to 看成是对buy这个动作的强调， want to buy可以一起看成一个谓语。没有want to，我们照样可以写成一个句子，I buy a cat，这也是主谓宾结构，但是你要是去掉buy，这就不是一个句子了， I want to a cat（这句话表达错误） 英语中在动词前面出现的东西都可以看成是对动作的强调。再看下面 Tom can ride a bike.这里我们把can ride 一起看成一个短语，因为两者密不可分。我们知道情态动词后面加动词原型，因此我们可以看成是对动词的强调。 They happily (happy) lived in the countryside.由上面我们可以看出，名词用形容词来形容；副词修饰形容词，副词，动词；动词可以被副词、情态动词、句型结构修饰。四、主将从现 简单句：五种基本句型句子 并列句：but、and、or连接的句子 主句：不带连词的句子 复合句 从句：带连词的句子连词：that/ if/ who/ whom/ which/what/how/where/when/why/as soon as等。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go shopping.从句 主句定 语 从 句一、 定义 定语从句：定是修饰限定，语是语言，定语就是其修饰限定作用的语言。就是对名词起修饰限定作用的句子。千万记住：修饰的必须是（名词n）在中文中也有定语，也有定语从句：比如说：美丽的祖国；这就是定语加中心词的用法；我生活的家乡；就是定语从句加中心词的用法，但中文中的定语从句与英文中的定语从句是不样的，一般来说，中文中的定语从句放在修饰词的前面，英语的定语从句则放在被修饰词的后面。I will never forget the days that I spend in Beijing.根据定语所在的位置我们可以分为前置定语和后置定语。我的祖国 my motherland （前置定语）漂亮的花朵 beautiful flowers（前置定语）来自北京的人 people from Beijing （后置定语）二、定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。（在高中你不需要知道两者的区别，只要会单选题，能看懂阅读中出现的定语从句，以及你在写作文时会写出一两个定语从句，增加文章的两点就可以了）I have a sister who studies law.(限制性定语从句)我有一位学习法律的妹妹。I have a sister， who studies law.(非限制性定语从句)我有一位妹妹，她学习法律。两者最大的区别在于：非限制性定语从句有逗号，限制性定语从句没有逗号。三、根据句子定语从句在整个句子中对名词的修饰，我们可以把定语从句的位置分为两种（1）主 + 谓 + 宾 +定从 （n+ vt + n对第二个名词修饰） You can have everything that you like.（2）主 + 定从 + 谓+ 宾（n+ vt + n对第一个名词修饰） The man that you met came from the USA.引导定语从句的引导词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词5+1个，关系副词3个。第一讲：关系代词关系代词作用成分that人/物主/宾Which物主/宾Who人主Whom人宾Whose + n人/物一起构成主语或宾语5+1是指上面的5个代词和as，在这里我把as放在后面与which比较着讲解。（1）This is the cat that/which/不填 I want to buy. （2）She is the girl who/that comes from China. （3）She is the girl whom/that/不填 I want to see.（4）This is the house whose window faces south. 练习题：I borrow the book Shelock Holmes from the library last week, my classmates recommended to me.A. who B. which C. when D. where what和how不能引导定语从句 如果你在做定语从的练习题，看到what和how就立刻划掉。What 作为关系代词，用法很特殊，它可以看作是先行词和关系代词的结合，因此，我们把它称为“缩合关系词”。大多数情况下，what在从句中不表示疑问意义“什么”，而应该被理解为the things that, all that 或 something that。What 在从句中充当主语或者宾语等名词性成分，what引导的句子相当于一个名词。What 相当于一个关系代词及其先行词。所以，what引导从句时，前面不应该再出现先行词。换句话说，如果居中已有先行词，就一定不能用what引导。比如我们不能说：You can have everything what you like.因为已经有先行词everything， 用what就重复了，我们可以把句子改成You can have everything that you like.（定语从句）或者改成You can have what you like.（宾语从句）用that不用which的五种常见情况。1、 先行词是不定代词all、little、few、much、everything等修饰时；I have something that I want to tell you.2、 当先行词前面有the only、the very、the last、all等修饰时；This is the very bus that I am waiting for.3、 当先行词前有adj和adv的最高级时；This is the tallest man that I have met.4、 先行词是序数词或前面有序数次修饰时；The train is the last one that will go to Suzhou.5、 当先行词既有人又有物时；Do you know the things and the people that they are talking about.练习题：1、 The only thing we can do is to give you some money.2、 The most interesting film I have ever seen.3、 Tom is the first student comes to the classroom.4、 There is a little dog and a boy are playing football.用which不用that的情况。 1、 非限制性定语从句中；He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2、 介词后面用which；This is the house in which I ever lived.3、 先行词后面有插入语时；Here is the book which, as I have told you, will help you a lot.关系代词专项练习1.(2015安徽,28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which2.(2015福建,34)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, _shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.A. whoB. whomC. thatD. which3.(2015湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place, _looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. asB. whereC. thatD. which4.(2015四川,3)The books on the desk, _covers are shiny, are prizes for us.A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. that10.(2014重庆,9,1分)Well reach the sales targets in a month _we set at the beginning of the year.A.which B.where C.when D.what11.(2014四川,4)Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,_is quite unexpected.A.that B.which C.who D.it13.(2014江西,28,1分)Among the many dangers_sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when15.(2014陕西,13,1分)Please send us all the information _you have about the candidate for the position.A. that B. which C. as D. what16.(2014安徽,22,1分)The exact year _Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.A. when B. where C. why D. which19.(2014山东,10,1分)A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.A. which B. whose C. who D. why20.(2014天津,12,1分)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _uses it differently.A. all of whichB. each of whichC. all of themD. each of them第二讲:关系副词关系副词在定语从句中作状语，不充当句子的任何成分。When表时间Why 表原因 具体的地点：school，officeWhere 表地点 抽象的地点：job, situation（情境）, case（案件）,point（点，表示高度）, activity在做试题时，只有出现的具体的时间，才使用when；只有出现具体的原因，才使用why。出现表示地点的，不论是具体的地点还是抽象的地点都用where。看下面的试题：1.(2015浙江,19)Creating an atmosphere _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.A. asB. whoseC. whichD. where2.(2015北京,24)Opposite is St. Pauls Church,_ you can hear some lovely music.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where3.(2015天津,15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere_ his employees enjoy their work.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. who4.(2014福建,31,1分)Students should involve themselves in community activities _they can gain experience for growth.A. who B. when C. which D. where5.(2014湖南,31,1分)I am looking forward to the day _my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.A. as B. why C. when D. where6. Do you know the reason he is absent?A. as B. why C. when D. where方法总结：不管是关系代词还是关系副词都取决于从句中的谓语动词1. 若该动词是vt，而且后面没有宾语n，就用关系代词；2. 若该动词是vt，而且后面有宾语n，就用关系副词；3. 若该动词是vi，而且后面没有prep加宾语，就用关系副词；4. 若该动词是vi，而且后面有prep没有加宾语，就用关系代词。1.(2014江西,28,1分)Among the many dangers _sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when2. (2015北京,24)Opposite is St. Pauls Church,_ you can hear some lovely music.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where3.（2013大纲，24,1分）When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the houseI would be staying. A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which4. (2013大纲，24,1分）When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the houseI would be staying in.A. which B. whose C. who D. why第三讲：关系代词as与which的区别1as可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面的整个句子；which可以代 替一个词、一个短语、一个句子。也就是which的代表的成分多余as。 He married her, as was natural.他跟他结婚了，这是自然地事。He is honest, as we can see.他很坦诚，这一点我们可以看得出来。2As引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后、甚至还可以把主句分隔开。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。 As is known to us all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，从他的口音我们可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer.正若你所知，约翰是个著名作家。 3. 当先行词前有such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。I have never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过像他讲的这样的故事。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。第四讲：介词与关系代词 “介词+关系代词”地结构1.“介词+which”在关系分句中分别可以作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when、where和why。I still remember the day on which (=when I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。2.不定代词或数词+ of+ which（指物）/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。 China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu. 中国有许多岛屿， 其中之一就是钓鱼岛。3.名词+ of which 代替whose+名词在关系分句中作定语。I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease. 我看见一些树木，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。为什么会出现：介词提到关系代词的前面这种情况呢？我们都知道，不及物动词（vi）要想加宾语，后面就要加上介词（prep）。而这时就产生了介词与动词的关系疏远与关系亲近两种情况。Look for 这个短语的意思:寻找，如果把for放在前面就是看的意思，所以整体意思发声改变，不能提前。be interested in 这个短语的意思：对感兴趣。若果把in放在前面剩下be interested 他的意思仍然不变。第五讲：综合复习2015.9.111.(2015安徽,28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which2.(2015福建,34)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, _shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.A. whoB. whomC. thatD. which3.(2015湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place, _looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. asB. whereC. thatD. which4.(2015四川,3)The books on the desk, _covers are shiny, are prizes for us.A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. that5.(2015陕西,15)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _he should be able to be independent.A. whichB. whereC. whomD. when6.(2015江苏,21)The number of smokers, _is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A. itB. whichC. whatD. as7.(2015浙江,19)Creating an atmosphere _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.A. asB. whoseC. in whichD. at which8.(2015北京,24)Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _you can hear some lovely music.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where9.(2015天津,15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere_his employees enjoy their work.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.who10.(2014重庆,9,1分)Well reach the sales targets in a month_we set at the beginning of the year.A.which B.where C.when D.what11.(2014四川,4)Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,_is quite unexpected.A.that B.which C.who D.it12.(2014福建,31,1分)Students should involve themselves in community activities_they can gain experience for growth.A.who B.when C.which D.where13.(2014江西,28,1分)Among the many dangers_sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.A.which B.what C.where D.when14.(2014湖南,31,1分)I am looking forward to the day_my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.A.as B.why C.when D.where15.(2014陕西,13,1分)Please send us all the information _you have about the candidate for the position.A.that B.which C.as D.what16.(2014安徽,22,1分)The exact year_Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.A.when B.where C.why D.which17.(2014浙江,5,0.5分)I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade,_I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.A.when B.where C.which D.why18.(2014江苏,22,1分)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work_a good impression is a must.A.which B.when C.as D.where19.(2014山东,10,1分)A company_profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.A.which B.whose C.who D.why20.(2014天津,12,1分)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,_uses it differently.A.all of which B.each of which C.all of them D.each of them21.(2014北京,26)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,_my classmates recommended to me.A.who B.which C.when D.where23.（2014重庆市重庆一中高三下学期第一次月考，33）Being such a selfish man _ no one liked, he could hardly find a person to celebrate his success.A. what B. as C. that D. which24.（2014江西省重点中学协作体高三第一次联考，25）College graduates are offered lots of available jobs, _, I believe, they can fully demonstrate their knowledge and competence.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what25.（2014重庆市名校联盟高三下学期联合考试，4）Uncle Li has just spent over one million Yuan on a house, _ he believes is good value for the money.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where26.（2014山东省济南市高三3月模拟，6）Salina wants to find a job _ she can use what she has learned at school.A. whomB. whichC. whereD. that27.（2014山东省青岛市高三第一次模拟，3） Where did you get to know her? On the farm _ we both once worked in the 1970s.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. that28.（2014山东省潍坊市高三3月模拟，10）Life is like an onion, sometimes makes you weep when you try to open it.A. that B. which C. as D. what29.（2014四川省成都市高中毕业班第二次诊断性检测，6）The Charles Dickens Museum in Doughty Street is the only one of his London homes to survive, _he wrote Oliver Twist.A. where B. that C. which D. what30.（2014吉林省实验中学高三第一次模拟，26）Is the school you visited last week large ?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one31.（2014吉林省实验中学高三第一次模拟，25）Where did you find our chemistry teacher?It was in the lab he was doing his experiment.A. that B. where C. which D. on which32.（2014江西省红色六校高三第二次联考，27）He said it was this classroom _ he found his lost watch and _ he would take good care of it from then on.A. where; /B. when; whatC. that; whatD. where; that34.（2014北京东城区高三第二学期教学统一检测，25）My brothers bedroom is always a mess, and he can never find anything, _ is very frustrating.A. whereB. whomC. when D. which35.(2014安徽省合肥市高三第二次教学质量检测，31) Guess what! I came across my primary school science teacher this morning, _ I have lost touch for almost 20 years.A. of which B. whenC. with whomD. who36.（2014安徽省江南十校高三3月联考，33）Never before_ such a wonderful park, _ I d like to pay a visit again.A. had I seen; whereB. have I seen; whichC. have I seen; whereD. had I seen; which37.（2014北京市海淀区高三年级第一学期期末，29）This restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere _ many others are short of.A. where B. whenC. thatD. what38.（2014浙江省温州十校联合体高三上学期期末考试，38）Parents should pay attention to the cases _their children have difficulty _ to new surroundings.A. where; adaptingB. where; adaptC. when; adaptedD. where; adapted40.（2014四川省成都市高中毕业班第一次诊断性检测，9）American students take part in a wide variety o