湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结.doc

上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature 上古： 450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular one Beowulf: national epic poemChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. The father of English poetry English HomerIn the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stories of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章 文艺复兴时期 the Renaissance Period 14th and mid-17th centuriesHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the Faith Bible in English ancient Roman and Greekculture class struggle Petrarch poetry and poetic drama Elizabethan drama Famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson3威廉 莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.38plays 戏剧 154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗 Stratford-on-Avon“University wits” “an upstart crow” Sonnet18 : meditation eternal beauty origin:Italy “to be,or not to be-that is the question” against Christians /Jews.Two narrative poems Tragedies: Six comedies: Romantic tragicomedies: Romantic tragedy tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.Writing feature:1 a play in the play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words)2literary devices(alliterateion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortalize beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰 弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教 Latin blind .失乐园 masterpiece. a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall. the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Greek model.Three group: A the early poetic works B the middle prose pamphlets C the last great poems The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed.第二章 新古典主义时期the Neoclassical Period 1660-1798(18th century)人社会动物 industrial revolution 工业革命 the Restoration Gothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenment movement（the age of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive intellectuall 进步知道份子movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 当代哲学和艺术思想The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科学 and they also advocated universal education.全民普及教育1约翰 班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教”the vanity fair” is the most successful religious allegory 宗教寓言in the English language.Metaphor暗喻-life as a journey search for spiritual salvation Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and concise form: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔 笛福Daniel defoe 1660-1731butchers family 卖肉家庭 English middle class masterpiece, Robinson is the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.The theme:A mans strugglees against nature B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood. C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信 and fascinating神奇 .his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial口语 and mostly vernacular方言.there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.4乔纳森 斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745 the greatest satiric work a greatest and bitterest satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire 5亨利 菲尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family. 老贵族家庭 “father of the English novel” “the third-person narration”第三人称叙述 “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses C give a list of names of gods D compare small fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张费尔丁的语言特色：Fieldings language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流畅通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic逻辑性 and rhythm,韵律性and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戏剧性对话and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章 浪漫主义时期the Romantic Period is an age of poetry. 1798-1832人的孤单状态Passive , old and conservative :“lake poets” William Words worth Robert Southey Samuel Taylor ColeridgeActive , young and revolutionary: Byron Shelly Keats 1威廉 布莱克William Blake 1757-1827幻觉，据说小时候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。An engraver 雕刻家 “fearful symmetry”可怕的匀称suggest the harmony of the two opposite aspects of Gods creation.Childhood is central to Blakes concern in and The chimney sweeper.天堂与地狱的结合marks his entry into maturity.成熟2威廉 华兹华斯William Wordsworth 1770-1850Poet Laureate“桂冠诗人”，lake poets湖畔诗人，“大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate 特点：孤独 自由 自然His short poems Subject:poems about nature 自然and poems about human life.人类生活 simile明喻 “inward eye”means human soulThe poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花她住在人迹罕至的小路间5波 比 雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822与拜伦相比更进步一点，政治，经济的不公平，重视集体力量。自由。西风颂Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.four-act poetic7简 奥斯汀Jane Austen 1775-1817匿名发表anonymouslyThe major theme: Love and marriage concern about human beings in their personal relationships. 个人生活及人际关系 Realistic writer 从她往下是写小说的，上面的是写诗的 处女作理智与情感傲慢与偏见 =第一印象 ：Elizabeth 伊丽莎白Darcy 达西 Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish势力 and vulgar粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome young men.伊莉莎白的性格：A：Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant. She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingleys sisters. She recognizes Mr.Collinscharacter in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal. She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed. She is independent but not infallible in her judgmenttaken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham. She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy.C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcys defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says. Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.爱玛第四章 维多利亚时期the Victorian Period 1836-1901现实主义realistic 工业革命Chartist movement (1836-1848)宪章运动 “art for arts sakeVictorian literature diversity.文学多样化Darwins 1查尔斯 狄更斯Charles Dickens批判现实主义作家he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.作品特点：he is a master Story-teller.withhis first sentence,he engages the readers attentionand holds it to the end.his works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.小说的第一名就吸引读者，悲情大师，幽默与哀伤交汇Child characters :oliver twist奥利弗，特维斯物,little nell小奈尔,david copperfield大卫科波菲尔,little dorrit小多利特.雾都孤儿“let it not be supposed by the enemies of the system that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon. Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反语 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentences literal meaning.B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasureof society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged 鞭打as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “adventages”of religious consolation安慰, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boys prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.罪恶行为C:the ironic statement is ,in fact, a bitter denunciation 谴责and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan孤儿by the workhouse济贫院 authority.权力老古玩店皮克威克外传大卫科波菲尔董贝父子双城记荒凉山庄小多利特艰难时世远大前程我们共同的朋友2布朗蒂姐妹the Bronte sistersCharlotte bronte 1816-1855 简爱 家庭教师governess heroine，represents middle-class working women. Mr.Rochester 简爱的性格特点：Jane Eyre is quick will,honesty, frankness,and shi has the spirit of independence and self-dignity. 教授 Emily bronte: poet,193poems .呼啸山庄Catherine凯瑟琳, Hindley辛德利, Edgar, Isabella, Heathcliff希斯克利夫Anne Bronte6托马斯 哈代Thomas hardy“Wessex” sympathetic nostalgic怀旧 fate pessimists Darwins “survival of the fittest conflict with the environment 第五章 现代时期the modern period 19世纪末20世纪初Modernism rose out of skepticism怀疑论 and disillusion of capitalism.French symbolsm ,appearing in the late 19th century healed modernism.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.The 1930s witnessesd great economic depressions,mass unemployment,and the rise of the Nazia.the period was known as “the red thirtyes”The first “angry young man”:愤怒青年Osborne奥斯伯恩The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett,his first play 1乔治 肖伯纳George bernard shaw 1856-1950He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.没有受过高等教育的人反对资本主义剥削，相信共产主义。He is considered to be the best-known english dramatist since Shakespeare.Work in a landagents office收房租的Problem plays 问题剧 only one passion: indignation唯一愤怒的情感卡歇尔 拜伦的职业鳏夫的房产slum贫民窟 landlordism租房制度 the oppression/exploitation剥削压迫 of women.萧伯纳的作品人物塑造特点：A: One feature of shaws characterizeation is that he makes the trick of showing up展示 one character vividly at the expense of 贬低损害another.B: another feature is that Shaws characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view.C: Inversion 情节和角色发生倒转错位is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.4 TS埃略特Thomas Stearns Eliot 1888-1965出生美国，后1927成为英国公民JA布鲁富劳克的情歌长诗 it presents the meditateion 沉思of an aging young man 上了年纪over the businesss of proposing marriage求婚问题.dramatic monologue, 戏剧独白the protagonist:Prufrock is neurotic神经质,self-important,自以为是illogical不讲逻辑 and incapable of action.优柔寡断 The setting”polite society”彬彬有礼的社会anti-romantic反浪漫主义荒原433行5部分,spiritual breakup星期三的烟灰四个四重奏Dramatists Prose writer:“stream-of-consciousness5戴维 伯特 劳伦斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930普通矿工家庭，作品被禁读，小说家，母亲是上流社会 psychological exploration心理透析Proficient poet 多产诗人劳伦斯三部曲：”the lawrence trilogy”1矿工的周五夜晚 2儿媳 3守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人 儿子与情人autobiographyical novel Mrs.Morel白孔雀过客虹is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.恋爱中的女人to be a better-structured/more profoundly ordered novel.查泰莱夫人的情人劳伦斯的诗分三类：1satirial and comic poems 2poems about human relationships and emotions 3poems about natureLawrences opinion,the mechanical civilizationis responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities,the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships劳伦斯艺术特色：A：Lawrences artistic tendency is mainly realism,which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative可靠权威 commentary评论B:his language is simplicity 简单and directness直接C:Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing.第二部份 美国文学第一章 浪漫主义时期 the romantic period 18世纪末到内战爆发前before the American civil war(美国的文艺复兴)New England Transcendentalism 超验主义3纳撒尼尔 霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864怀疑心理，矛盾心理ambivalent writer， 双重,不讲犯罪过程puritan familyHawthornes intellectuals 知识份子rae usually villains.恶棍红字heroine:Hester allegorist讽喻家 symbolism象征小伙子布朗尽人皆知的故事古屋青苔雪的形象有七个尖角阁的房子玉石雕像4华尔特 惠特曼walt Whitman 1819-1892有个向前走的孩子草叶集 monumental work,歌颂整个美国和自我。American democratic ideals美国民主思想 the Revolutionary War 美国独立战争，Civil War 内战鼓点涉水的骑兵，a scene of the American civil war,美国内战景象the picture are frozen凝固,they come out of the watchers imagination.出于观察者的想像。自我之歌 =”poem of walt Whitman,an American”=”walt Whitman”Two beliefs:the theory of universality普遍性信仰and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.个别性和平等性Language characteristic:use oral English口语,vocabulary is amazing词汇惊人,rarely-use words罕见词, foreign origin words外国词 ,wrong words错词,free-flowing ,simple and crude质朴野味,without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.没有固定的节奏和韵律“free verse”自由体诗， Mark by theUse of poetic”I”诗用第一人称，家常随意不讲究死规矩sexual love topic,性爱作品。5赫尔曼 麦尔维尔Herman Melville 学霍桑 怀疑主义白鲸 is regarded as the first American prose epic.美国第一部散文体史诗Moby dick symbolize:1 mystery of the universe2power of the great nature3evil of the world 泰比奥穆玛地雷得本白外衣皮埃尔探索信仰的矛盾“bartleby,the scrivener”is a short story.短篇“benito cereno”is a novella.中篇第二章 现实主义时期the realistic period 1865-1914Darwin达尔文 influence on literary naturalism.自然主义1马克 吐温Mark Twain 笔名 1835-1910原名：samuel Langhorne Clemens 萨缪尔 朗荷恩 克莱门斯小说家 儿童 humor诙谐 幽默American folk humor 从乐观主义向悲观主义转变 “damned human race”可恨的人类，language is simple,direct, lucid,and faithful to the colloquial speech “vernacular方言土语” local color 乡土气息HL Mencken said he is “the true father of our national literature”门肯说他是“我们真正的民族文学之父”加拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙第一部幽默小说傻瓜出国记含辛如苦密西西比河上的生活汤姆 索亚历险记哈克贝里。芬”all modern American literature comes”所有现代美国文学之源镀金时代亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬败坏哈德莱堡的人神秘的陌生人2亨利 詹姆斯 Henry jame 1843-1916The forerunner of the 20th century”stream-of-consciousness”novels and the, the founder of psychological realism. 意识流小说的先驱，心理现实主义的奠基者第一个按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家。1915年入英国籍，羡慕欧洲文明。Henry james concerned with the”inner world”of man.He is also concerned with the International terms 国际方面His