译林版必修三unit 3 back to the past grammar学案.docx

unit 3 back to the past grammar学案宾语补足语，eitheror和neithernor,主谓一致 原句感知自主探究they named their child john.he beat her black and blue.im sorry to have kept you waiting so long a time.she asked me to answer the phone in her absence.the boy cut the apple into small cubes.i saw you out with your friends last night.either you or she has to go there.neither i nor he knows the fact.he is either a doctor or a teacher.he neither sang nor danced at the party.do you speak either english or french?she likes neither noodles nor dumplings.lets go there either by train or by plane.she lives neither in beijing nor in shanghai. his secretary often answers the phone for him.the whole class are watching a football match.there is a pen and some pencils in my pencilcase.(1)句中的黑体部分均为宾语补足语；它分别由名词， _形容词短语，_分词，_动词不定式，_介词短语， _副词充当。(2)either .or .和neither .nor .的作用是连接 _并列词(组)或等同的句子(成分)。在句中它们分别连接：句、句为并列主语，句为并列表语，句为并列谓语，句、句为并列宾语，句、句为并列状语。(3)英语句子中的主语和谓语要在_人称和_数上保持一致，称为主谓一致。它一般遵循三个原则，即_句语法一致原则，句逻辑意义一致原则和句就近一致原则。语法剖析语法点一宾语补足语宾语补足语(object complement)放在宾语后面，用来补充说明宾语所表示人或事物所发出的动作，或者说明宾语的状态、特性、身份等。宾语补足语可以由不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、名词、代词、形容词、介词短语或副词充当。(一)使役动词后宾语补足语的用法常见的使役动词有：make, have, get, leave, keep。它们都表示“使得”，后面可接“宾语宾语补足语”结构，但用法上有所不同。1make用作使役动词表示“使；使成为”时，可跟复合结构，即“make宾语宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、不带to的不定式、过去分词。a good friend is a person who makes you happy.好朋友是一个使你快乐的人。(形容词作宾补)we made her monitor of our class.我们选她做班长。(名词作宾补)however, several things combined to make me change my mind.然而有好几件事凑在一起，使我改变了主意。(不定式作宾补)i had to raise my voice to make myself heard over the loud noise.在嘈杂声中我只好提高声音以便别人听清我说的话。(过去分词作宾补)名师点津当省略to的不定式作make的宾语补足语，变为被动语态时一定要加上to。the boy often makes his little sister cry, but he was made to cry just now.那个男孩常常惹得他小妹妹哭，但是刚才他被惹哭了。2have表示“使得”，其后接宾语补足语，常用以下句型：(1)have sb.do sth.使/让某人做某事(2)have sth.doing sth.使/让某物一直做某事(3)have sth.done使/让某事被做；遭遇某种不幸we must have the work finished by 10 oclock.我们必须在10点钟之前把工作做完。the old man always has his radio playing at home.这位老人在家总是开着收音机。i had my wallet stolen at the supermarket.我的钱包在超市被偷走了。名师点津get的类似用法：get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事get ( have) sth.done 使某事被做get sth.doing 使某事物起来get tom to buy some fruit.叫汤姆去买些水果。i cant get the car starting.我发动不起车来。3leave作使役动词，表示“使/让保持某种状态”。可用形容词、名词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。youd better leave the livingroom door closed.你最好关着起居室的门。his parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan.他父母去年双双去世，留下他成为一个孤儿。they walked off and left me sitting there alone.他们走开了，让我一个人一直坐在那儿。please excuse me if i have left any of the questions unanswered.如果我留下了任何未回答的问题，请多多原谅。名师点津leave用作使役动词，常表示“发生某种状况后，使保持/处于某种状态”；keep用作使役动词，常表示“使保持/处于某种状态”。(误)the flood kept hundreds of people homeless.(正)the flood left hundreds of people homeless.洪灾使得数百人无家可归。即时演练1单句语法填空(陕西高考)let those in need understand (understand) that we will go all out to help them.please have him come (come) here.i have my hair cut (cut) every month.they made me paint (paint) the wall.dont leave him waiting (wait) outside.its too cold.(二)感官动词后宾语补足语的用法表示感觉和心理状态的动词(短语)，如hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see等词后要用省略to的动词不定式、现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见句型(以hear为例)有：(1)hear sb.do sth.听见某人做了/经常做某事(2)hear sb.doing sth.听见某人正在做某事(3)hear sth.done听见某事被做i heard her sing the song in the next room last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁房间唱这首歌了。i heard them talking but i didnt listen to what they were saying.我听见他们在谈话，可是没有听他们在谈什么。we can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.我们可以听见大雨敲打窗户的声音。即时演练2(1)单句语法填空(2015陕西高考)back from his twoyear medical service in africa, dr. lee was very happy to see his mother taken (take) good care of at home.(四川高考)the manager was satisfied to see many new products developed (develop) after great effort.(2)句型转换i heard that someone knocked at the door three times.i heard someone knock at the door three times.i saw that he was repairing his bike when i arrived.i saw him repairing his bike when i arrived.i found that my money had been stolen on the train.i found my money stolen on the train.(三)with (without)宾语宾语补足语结构其宾语补足语有以下形式：现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语、形容词或副词等。few people sleep with their lights on, and most of us sleep with our lights off.很少有人开灯睡觉，我们大多数人睡觉时都关灯。you mustnt sit with your feet pointing at another person.你不可以把脚跷起对着别人坐着。with a lot of work to do, he wasnt allowed to go out.因为还有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。the boy rushed into the room, with his face covered with sweat.那小孩满脸是汗冲进屋来。the man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.那位男士走在街上，腋下夹着一本书。即时演练3用with的复合结构完成句子他穿着衣服躺在床上。he was lying on the bed _with_all_his_clothes_on.不要满嘴食物说话。dont speak _with_your_mouth_full.他头枕着胳膊睡着了。he was asleep _with_his_head_on_his_arms.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。i cant go out _with_all_these_clothes_to_wash.整个下午他都锁着门工作。all the afternoon he worked _with_the_door_locked.两岸长满了鲜花和绿草，这条河看上去更加漂亮了。the river looks more beautiful, with_flowers_and_grass_growing on both sides.语法点二either .or .和neither .nor .(一) either .or.1either .or .意为“或者或者；不是就是”之意。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分，可以连接两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语或并列分句。either you or he has to look after the old man.要么你照顾那位老人，要么他照顾。(并列主语)he should either clean the windows or water the flowers.他要么擦窗户，要么去浇花。(并列谓语)i have either a bowl of noodles or some bread for breakfast.我早餐要么吃一碗面条，要么吃几片面包。(并列宾语)he is coming either on saturday or on sunday.他不是星期六来，就是星期天来。(并列状语)either you leave this house or ill call the police.你要么离开这座房子，要么我就报警。(并列分句)2either .or .连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。either you or he is able to do such work alone.你和他都能够独自做这样的工作。3若要对either .or .句型进行否定时，只需把either .or .换成neither .nor .即可。either you or she is good at drawing.(改为否定句)neither you nor she is good at drawing.即时演练4完成句子晚上他不是读书就是听音乐。he either_reads a book or_listens to music at night.我想他不是教师就是医生。i think he is either_a_teacher_or_a_doctor.不是我就是他们要对那件事的后果负责任。either i or they are_responsible_for the result of the matter.(二)neither .nor .表示“既不也不”，其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并列的成分。当neither .nor .连接两个主语时，也应遵循“就近原则”。若将neither .nor .句型变为肯定句，只需把neither .nor .改为both .and .即可，同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。neither volleyball nor basketball is a hundred years old.排球和篮球都不到一百年的历史。neither dad nor mum is at home today.(改为否定句)both dad and mum are at home today.i can neither speak nor write french. neither can i speak french nor can i write it.我既不会说法语也不会写法语。即时演练5句型转换neither of you two is wrong.neither you nor he is wrong.tom neither came nor called me up.neither did tom come nor did he call me up.i didnt understand what he had said and she didnt either.neither she nor i understood what he had said.语法点三主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数等方面要保持一致。主谓一致一般要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、就近一致原则及逻辑意义一致原则。(一)语法一致原则1由and连接的两个名词作主语，表示不同的人或事，谓语动词用复数。what he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.他的话语和行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。2and连接的两个名词指同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数；两个单数名词并列用and连接，表示一个概念或是不可分割的整体作主语时，谓语动词也用单数。常见的此类短语有war and peace, iron and steel, a needle and thread, bread and butter, a horse and cart等。egg and rice is her usual breakfast.早餐她常吃蛋炒饭。all work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。knife and fork is used to eat western food.刀叉用于吃西餐。to try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败比不尝试好。the teacher and writer is her friend.那位老师兼作家是她的朋友。3由no .and no ., each .and each ., every .and every ., many a .and many a ., one and a half .等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数。no time and no money is wasted in the whole course.在整个过程中没有浪费一点时间和金钱。every boy and every girl has the right to get education.每一个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。4主语后面带有as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, as much as, more than等词连接的名词时，根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。the professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in the lab at that time.当时教授和他的很多学生正在实验室做实验。no one but tom and mike knows anything about it.除了汤姆和迈克没有人知道此事。即时演练6单句语法填空/单句改错(福建高考)the famous musician, as well as his students, was_invited (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 taipei flower expo.each boy and each girl work hard.workworkshenry, rather than jane and john are willing to help you.areisa needle and thread were found on the floor.werewasthe worker and singer are from nanjing.areis(二)就近一致原则1由连词(短语)or, either .or, neither .nor, whether .or, not only .but also, not .but等连接主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。was he or you in the next room just now?刚才在隔壁房间里的是他还是你？2在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。there is a telephone and two books on the table.桌上有一部电话和两本书。there come two buses.来了两辆公共汽车。(三)逻辑意义一致原则逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词中的数必须和主语的意义一致(因为有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，意义却为单数)。1all of, most of, a lot of, some of, half of, the rest of, plenty of, part of, twothirds of等加名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据后面名词的数而定。the rest of the boys were out.其他的男孩子出去了。all of the work has been done.所有的工作都做完了。即时演练7单句语法填空(湖南高考)onethird of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens are black people. (be)most of the teachers are (be) against the proposal.one of my close friends has (have) been abroad for 8 years.twothirds of the land is (be) planted with wheat.2all单独作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示物时，谓语动词用单数形式。all have gone to beijing.所有的人都去了北京。all is going well.一切顺利。3非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语通常用单数形式to go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是一个好的习惯。whatever was left was taken away.无论剩下了什么都被拿走了。名师点津what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。what they need are books.他们需要的是书。4“形复意单”的名词作主语时的主谓一致。(1)表示时间、重量、距离、金钱等的名词作主语时，往往看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数。fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.走十五英里对我来说好像太远了。one hundred dollars is not a large sum of money.一百美元不算一大笔钱。即时演练8用be动词的适当形式填空(湖南高考)the university estimates that living expenses for international students are around $8,450 a year, which is a burden for some of them.to teach you english this term is my job.making mistakes and learning to correct them are a part of life.what we need is more practice.what we need are experienced workers.(2)一些学科名词是以ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics以及news, works等，都属于形式上像复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。i think physics isnt easy to study.我认为物理不好学。the paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。(3)由两部分构成的物体，如glasses, scissors, trousers, jeans等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数。但物体前若用pair of，谓语动词的单复数常取决于pair的单复数。the glasses are yours.这副眼镜是你的。there are some new pairs of compasses.有几副新圆规。(4)少数名词，如means等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据所表达的概念而定。every means has been tried.每一种方法都试过了。all possible means have been tried.所有可能的方法都试过了。5集体名词作主语时的主谓一致。(1)某些集体名词，如family, team, class, enemy, majority, group, government, public, party, army, firm, company等作主语，如果被视作一个整体，作单数用。如果强调该集体的各个成员，则作复数用。his family is small.他的家庭是个小家庭。his family are all model workers.他的家人全是先进工作者。(2)people, police, cattle等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。the police are looking for the missing child.警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。6“the形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示某一个人时，谓语动词用单数。the young are mostly ambitious.年轻人大部分有雄心。yesterday an accident happened on the road and a person was injured.the injured was rushed to hospital.昨天路上发生了一起事故，一个人受伤了。伤者很快被送到医院。名师点津有个别的“the形容词”结构既表示单数意义，也表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。例如：the good指“好人”时表示复数意义，指“善”时表示单数意义；the accused指一名被告时表示单数意义，指多名被告时表示复数意义。比较：the beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true.美未必是善，善未必是真。the accused was acquitted of the charge.被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)the accused were acquitted of the charge.被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)即时演练9判断正误，有错的请改正the whole family is discussing how to spend this weekend.isaresome kinds of animals are dying out.the trousers is too wide in the waist.isarefive minutes are enough to finish this test.areistom is studying for a degree in politics, which are his favourite.areis图画作文技法指导图画作文是英语写作常见的命题形式之一。它要求考生根据一幅或几幅图画所提供的信息叙述一件事或阐述图画中反映的某种社会现象。这种命题形式的优点在于它所提供的汉语提示很少或几乎没有，留给考生的发挥空间较大。因此，此类作文能充分地考查考生的想象、观察、推理判断以及语言表达能力。图画作文一般以中学生所熟悉的场景为写作素材。其画面生动形象，具有趣味性，体现了高考写作“生活化”的特点。题目中有时候还附带有英语或汉语说明，以便考生获得更加直观的信息。写作时要注意以下几点：1确定文章体裁。(1)记叙文：抓住六要素：when, where, who, what, why, how。(2)说明文：先找出说明对象，再根据图画从时间、过程、步骤方面加以说明，最后得出结论。(3)议论文：观点鲜明，层次清晰，多用一般现在时。2确定人称。日记、回忆录一般采用第一人称，讲故事采用第三人称。3确定时态和语态。首先把握文章的主体时态，其次要掌握好语态、主谓一致、名词单复数等。4发挥要合理、适度。5内容虚实结合，详略得当。黄金表达1the purpose of the drawings is to show us that .2it is obvious that the drawer wishes all of us to .3under the picture, there was a thought .4the picture focuses on .5just as is revealed in the pictures above .6what is really important, according to the drawer, should be .7what an ironic cartoon it is!8a heartbreaking scene is witnessed by the photographer of this picture: .写作规范题目要求请根据下面四幅图内容写一篇短文，记述昨天发生在你叔叔身上的事，并简单发表你的观点。注意：1.词数：100左右；2词汇：吊销驾照revoke a driving license三步作文法第一步：搜索词汇1经历go_through2和在一起 together_with_.3直到才 not_._until_.4坚持做 insist_on_doing_.5失去控制 out_of_control6更糟的是 what_was_worse_.7因此 consequently8开车撞上 drive_into_.9无疑，确实 no_doubt10使某人送命 cost_sb._sth.第二步：由词造句1我叔叔开车回家的时候已经很晚了。my uncle didnt start to drive back home until it was late at night.it_was_not_until late at night that my uncle started to drive back home.2在路上他撞上了树并严重受伤。on the way, he got seriously injured due_to driving into a tree.he drove into a tree along the road and got seriously injured.3叔叔在病床上醒来时，发现警察在等着他。when my uncle came back to life on the hospital bed, he_found a policeman waiting for him.my uncle came back to life on the hospital bed, only_to_find a policeman waiting for him.第三步：联句成篇my uncle went through a bad accident yesterday. it all began last night when my uncle together with his friends had a great dinner.it was not until late at night that my uncle started to drive back home. he was obviously drunk, but he wouldnt admit it and insisted on driving home himself.my uncle soon found the car out of control and he was not able to see the road clearly. what was worse, alcohol made him lose sense of danger. consequently, he drove into a tree along the road and got seriously injured.luckily enough, uncle was rushed to the nearest hospital. he came back to life on the hospital bed, only to find a policeman waiting for him. the officer told him that his driving license would he revoked.no doubt the dangerous driving after drinking almost cost him his life! i hope public awareness should be raised to obey the traffic rules.单句语法填空1either you or he is (be) likely to be invited to the party.2the police were (be) searching for the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.3both the summer and the winter olympics are (be) held every four years.4all but one were (be) here just now.5it is reported that many a new house is (be) being built at present in the disaster area.6ten minutes seems (seem) like an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.7weve been told the good news, but when and where to go for the exciting onsalary vacation has (have) not been discussed yet.8a poet and artist is (be) coming to speak to us about chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.9with more people respecting (respect) the traffic rules, our city is becoming better organized.10dont worry.ill have the letter typed (type) and have someone send (send) it to you this afternoon.11in the dream peter saw himself chased (chase) by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.12my advisor encouraged me to_take (take) a summer course to improve my writing skills.完成句子1他明天想去检查眼睛。he wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.2是你还是他将去听音乐会？are_either_you or he to go to the concert?3我们想要的是更多的时间。what_we_want_is more time.4他把大部分业余时间花在阅读上了。most_of_his_spare_time_was spent in reading.5房间里有一张桌子，两把椅子。there_is_a_desk and two chairs in the room.6是我不是他喜欢这首歌。i rather_than_he_like the song.7有很多工作要做，我不能和你去游泳。i cant go swimming with you, with much_work_to_do.8放学后，我经常看我的同班同学打篮球。i often watch my classmates play_basketball after school.语法与写作(句型转换)1yesterday, i saw him and he was reading in a bookstore.yesterday, i saw him reading in a bookstore.2winter is coming and its time to buy warm clothes.with winter coming, its time to buy warm clothes.3he doesnt know about it and he doesnt care about it either.he neither knows about it nor cares about it.4the clerks and the manager are having a meeting.the manager as well as the clerks is having a meeting.5his parents rather than tom are to blame for the home accident.not tom but his parents are to blame for the home accident.对应学生课下能力提升(十一).单句语法填空1with a fat lady seated (seat) next to me, i couldnt move a bit on the seat.2three fourths of the surface of the earth is (be) covered with water.3it had been half an hour before she found herself walking (walk) in the wrong direction of her home.4a number of wounded people were sent to the hospital just now. the number of them was about three hundred. (be)5since the boy always travelled with us, we had him go (go) along as usual.6the game is very boring no teacher and no student is (be) going to take part in it.7the doctor will not permit him to_walk (walk) until his foot is better.8the problem is so difficult that neither the teacher nor his students are (be) able to work it out.9the f