英语考前36招.doc

英语考前三十六计一有关it的几个特殊句型 ： (1) owe it to sb. that把归功于 I owe it to you that I finished my work in time. (2) take it for granted that 想当然 I take it for granted that they will support this idea. (3) keep it in mind that It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. (4) It can be seen from the statistics that .从这个统计可看出 It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us. (5). It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后， enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to, appreciate, stand 宾语从句紧跟it之后 I hate it you can swim so well and I cant. I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening. I cant stand it when people talk with their mouth full. (6). It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外） Im for it that you will follow their advice. 我赞成你采纳他们的意见。 (7) It must be pointed out that 必须指出的是 (8) It has been proved that 有人已经证实 It has been proved that his theory is right. （9） It +be + 一段时间 +before 从句 （10）It + be+ 一段时间 + since从句（11）It + be+ 时间 + when从句 （12）It + be+ 强调部分 + that+句子其余部分(13) It is / was the first time +从句 （从句谓语动词用完成时态(现在完成时态/过去完成时态) ）二. 抽象名词具体化1. success( 成功 ) / a success(一个成功的人或事 )2. study( 研究 ) / a study( 研究论文,研究报告;一项具体的研究 )3. pleasure( 快乐,愉快 ) / a pleasure( 一件高兴的事 )4. kindness( 仁慈,友好 ) / a kindness(一件好事,帮一次忙 )5. honour( 荣誉,光荣 ) / a honour(一个光荣的人或一件光荣的事 )6. surprise( 惊讶 ) / a surprise(一个惊喜 )三主动表被动动词类1. 某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义(sell, wash, write, last, read, wear )等.这种“动词+副词”结构常表示事物内部特有的属性.1). This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. 2).The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 3).Written in simple English, this article reads easily.2. 某些及物动词转为不及物动词后,其主动形式表示被动意义,如open( 打开,营业 ), close ( 关门 ),shut ( 关闭 ),cut ( 切割 ), weigh ( 重 ), act ( 上演 )等.1) The door wont shut. 2)This shop opens much earlier than it used to. 3)Each stone weighs 2 tons.3. 某些不及物动词,如happen, occur, , cost 以及短语,如,come out( 出版 ) , come up( 出现 ) , come into being( 产生 ), come to ones mind( 想起 ), turn out( 证明是 ), come about( 发生 ), break out( 爆发 ), belong to( 属于 )等,本身表被动含义,所以它们常用主动形式.1)The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 2.Suddenly an idea came to his mind. 3)It never occurred to me to phone you.四虚拟语气1.虚拟语气的三种基本句型（从句）If + were/did（动词的过去式），（主句）主语 + would/might/should/could + do（表示对现在情况的假设）（从句）If + had done, （主句）主语+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示对过去或已经发生事情的虚拟假设）（从句）If + were/（动词过去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主语+ would/might/should/could + do （表示对将来的假设）虚拟语气条件句的倒装: 在虚拟条件句中，如果出现有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把这些词放在句子前面，构成虚拟倒装句。2if only引起的感叹句，相当于 “How I wish + 宾语从句”，意思是“但愿；要是就好了”If only he could come! 他要是能来就好了！3if it were not for (= were it not for)if it hadnt been for (= had it not been for)“要不是因为有；如果不是”注意这种结构中不能用否定结构的缩写形式，即不能用werent it for）4“but for + 名词”意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虚拟语气But for air and water, nothing could live. (= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)5在动词insist（1坚持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建议做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建议、命令、要求的名词性从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。基本句型：主语+ (should) + 动词原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+动词原形结构。注意1advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名词引导的同位语从句或表语从句，谓语动词用 (should) + 动词原形。注意2 Its suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词用(should) + 动词原形。注意3 suggest / insist+宾语从句（动词用陈述 / 虚拟语气的区别）lsuggest意思是“表明，暗示；说明”时；insist意思是“坚持观点，坚持看法”时，句子不能用虚拟语气,用陈述语气。 He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence. 他坚持说自己是无辜的。Are you suggesting that Im not suited for the job? 你是在暗示说我不适合做那项工作？6It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即主语+(should)+动词原形Its necessary that Tom take the exam first. Tom有必要先参加考试。7Its strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise (that) should do。should表示“竟然”Its a pity that she should miss the chance. 很遗憾她错过了机会。8 Its + ( high / about ) time + ( that ) +从句(从句谓语动词用过去式)l9would rather that somebody did“宁愿；更愿意”(表示现在或将来的愿望)would rather that somebody had done“宁愿；更愿意”（表示过去的愿望）10as if/though+主语+did/had done好像（表示现在或将来的情况用过去时；表示过去的情况用过去完成时）11“wish +宾语从句”，表示不大可能实现的愿望,从句中用:主语+过去时 表示现在的愿望主语+had done 表示过去的愿望主语+would/could do 表示将来的愿望How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves! I failed in the maths exam. How I wish I hadnt wasted so much time playing!What a pity you cant go to the party！How I wish I could dance with you at the party!五. 情态动词1. will/shall的用法.shall-在疑问句中用于第一，三人称的句子中表示征求意见，询问或请示.will-在疑问句中用于第二人称的句子中表示征求意见shall-在肯定句中用于第二，三人称的句子中表示决心,命令,警告,允诺等.shall -在肯定句中用于第一人称(I, we)的句子中,表示将来时态 ,其他人称用will,will可用作情态动词, 表示:”愿意”,主要用于第一人称 will-1)表单纯的将来事实; 2)可表示没有经过事先考虑只是在说话时做出的决定(be going to表示事先经过考虑或事先做好安排.); 3)在祈使句之后的附加疑问句中用will you, wont you.2. need / want / require + doing / to be done-当主语与动词构成被动时,如果是主动关系,则用动词不定式need / dare可做行为动词或情态动词(一般用在疑问句,否定句和条件句中)注意:固定用法：1) I dare say我想,我认为 / I dare swear我确信2) Dont you dare (习语 )用于郑重告诉某人不要做某事.Dont you dare tell my parents about this.3) There is no need to do sth/ for sth Its necessary ( for sb)to do sthThere is no possibility of sth Its possible (for sb)to do sth There is no doubt about sth./that clause3.can/could与be able to的区别can/could表本身具备的能力，be able to表示经过努力最终能够做某事。当be able to用作一般过去时时，则常常不是单纯地表示过去的“能力”，“潜力”或“可能性”，而是把“能力”和“成功“（完成）这两层意思结合起来，而且强调的往往是后者。4.情态动词完成式的用法（情态动词+have+过分）(1) must have done sth 一定做过某事；(注意must的反意疑问句)(2) could have done “本来可以”（表示过去没有实现的可能）(cant/couldnt)+ have donel不可能做某事 She must have come here last night. 她一定是昨晚来的。 She cant have gone there 她不可能到那儿去。(3) may have done sth 可能做过某事 否定形式：may not have done might have done sth 或许做过某事,“本来可能；本来应该或可以做某事”（实际没有发生；含有轻微的责备语气。 否定形式: might not have done Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident. She might have known what the bottle contained. (4) should have done sth 估计已经做了某事, “本来该做某事”（而实际未做）否定形式：should not/ought not to have done “本来不该做”（实际却做过了，含有责备语气） She should have arrived in her office by now. (5) neednt have done “本来不必做”（但是已经做过了）(6) would rather have done “当时宁愿做了某事”（实际没有做过）；否定式would rather not have done表达相反意思，两者都有表示“后悔”之意。六代词 it / one(ones)/ that(those)one泛指,指代前面提过的那类人或物中的一个,用于指代可数名词,其复数形式ones，前一般要用定语,否则就用some; that特指,指代前面提到过的那类物,用于指代不可数名词或可数名词单数，those是that的复数形式，指代前面的复数名词；it特指,指代前面提到过的物,某物。注意:that替代带定冠词的名词, 而one替代带不定词的名词:that只能接后置定语,而one既可接后置定语,也可用前置定语。1)Someone is knocking at the door, but who can it be? 2) The question was a complicated one. 3)I have a pen. My uncle gave it to me.4) The girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with.5) My seat was next to that of the mayor.6) It is your Mum on the phone.7) The first question is one which Jackson has anticipated.8) Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didnt help.9)The weather in Kunming is better than that in Wuhan. 10) Tom has a red pen and a blue one (two blue ones).七感叹句型： (1) What a /an+ Adj + N + S + V! What an important thing it is to keep our promise! What + u.n+S+V! What fine weather it is today! What + n.pl + S + V!What lovely children they are! (2) How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么.！） How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (3) How + S + V! How I want to go to Beijing！八需要注意的一些从句1让步状语从句： (1) Adj./n./adv. + as/ though+ Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.）Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.2特殊的条件句： (1) Suppose/ Supposing -, 假如 Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do? (2) On condition that只要；如果 Ill come on condition that John is invited, too. (3) provided (that)/ providing - 只要 I will come provided (that) I am well enough. You may go out providing you do your homework first. (4) so/as long as As/So long as you work hard, youll succeed in the end. (5) 祈使句+and + 陈述句(表肯定） Give him an inch and hell take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, hell take a mile. ) 他会得寸进尺的。 (6) 祈使句+ or/otherwise +陈述句 (表否定） Start at once, or / otherwise youll miss the train. (= If you dont start at once/Unless you start at once, youll miss the train.) (7) unless“除非，如果不”(=ifnot)I shall go tomorrow unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我明天去。Shall Tom go and play football?Not unless he has finished his homework. 除非他完成作业，否则不能出去。（8）wont.unless. 除非否则我不会. I wont write to him unless he writes to me first. 3.几种重要的表语从句句型： (1) The point is that . 重点/关键是. The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with her English. (2) The chance is that 有可能 The chance is that he will succeed. (3) The fact is that 事实是 The fact is that he hasnt yet recover from illness. (4) The problem/question is that 问题是 The question is whether we should ask them for help. (5)That is - That is where Lu Xun used to live. 4几种重要的同位语从句： (1) 由where 引导 The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered. (2) 由what引导 I have no idea what he did. (3) 由whether 引导 The question whether hell attend the meeting is not decided. (4) 由who引导。 The question who will go abroad needs considering. (5) 由when 引导 I have no idea when they will be back and settle down. (6) 由that 引导 The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good. (7) 由how 引导 He cant answer the question how he got the money. (8) 由why 引导 We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 5.when引导的从句when除了用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、时间状语从句、表语从句和定语从句，还有一种用法值得关注，那就是when引导并列分句，意思是“这时突然；就在那时”，强调另一个动作的突然发生。常用于以下句型中：（1）主语 + be doing when意思是“正在做某事这时”；（2）主语 + be about to dowhen；意思是“正要去做某事这时”（3）主语+be on the point of (doing) when; 意思是“正要去做某事这时”while引导的从句while除了有“当/在时候”的意思外（注意：引导的句子谓语动词只能是延续性动词！），另外的两层意思也是考查的重点：（1）while = although “尽管”、“虽然”，引导让步状语从句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用来表达对比关系。While I admit that the problem is difficult, I dont think that they cant be solved.I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars. 6Where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句注意where可以引导定语从句或是逻辑地点状语从句。当它引导定语从句时，where在定语从句中作地点状语，指代前面的地点，这时可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等结构代替。但是它引导逻辑地点状语从句时，没有这样用法。You should put the book where it was. 把书放回原处。Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.Where men are greedy, there is never peace. 人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望。That is the building where my father works. 那是我父亲工作的大楼。Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher. 7what引导的从句what在英语中非常活跃,它可以用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，但是不用来引导定语从句。在句子里可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，既可以指人，也可以指物。What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？What did you pay for this picture? 这幅画你付了多少钱？What is most important in life isnt money. 人生最重要的并非是金钱。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所买的东西给我看一下吗？Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago. Mary已经不是10年前的她了。8. That引导的名词性从句和定语从句的区别That引导名词性从句时的特点是:1.只起引导的作用;2.不作任何成分、不表示任何意思;3.不能省略。The fact that he is a hardworking student is known to everyone in the school.That引导定语从句时的特点是:1在定语从句中要代替前面的先行词作主语或宾语; 2在定语从句中表示先行词的意思;3如果代替前面的先行词作宾语时可以把that省略。The fact that he knows is made up by John. 9as引导的非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句 在as引导的非限制性定语从句中，连接代词as在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语等，可以指人或物。其在定语从句中的位置比较灵活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中间或句子末尾。常用的结构有：as we all know; as is well known to; as is often the case; as is said/mentioned above; as has been said before; as I told you before; as is evident; as often happens; as can be seen; as is/was expected; as we expect; as I can remember等。注意1as通常只指整个句子的内容，不表示部分内容。注意2as引导的非限制性定语从句通常指“事先可以预料到的”“料想到的”，表达“好”的方面。注意3as引导限制性定语从句时，常构成the sameas; suchas; so/as as等结构。在从句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整个句子。This is also part of your work, as I told you before. 我曾告诉过你，这也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.从那人说话的样子可明显看出，他是个老师。Such ideas as he hits on are worthless. 像他那样偶然想起的主意是无用的。Its the same story as I heard from her yesterday. 这故事跟我从她那儿听到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. 他要尽可能找漂亮的女孩结婚。 10which引导的非限制性定语从句（也引导限制性定语从句） which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指整个句子内容，也可以指句子的部分内容（如单词或词组等），在句子中可以作主语、宾语（动词或介词的）、定语等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表达的内容是“不好的”、“事先没有预料到的”等时，常用which，只指物。11疑问词+ever引导的从句（1）、疑问词+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用来引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how连用。Whatever (=No matter what) may happen, we shall not lose hope.Whatever reasons you (may) have, you should carry out a promise. Whoever (=No matter who) comes, he will be warmly welcome. Whenever (=No matter when) it happened, it was certainly not yesterday. Whenever you (may) call, you will find her sitting by the window. Wherever (=No matter where) he went, he made friends with people.Whichever (=No matter which) of them you many choose, the quality will be the same. However (=No matter how) hard I have tried, I cant find the answer. （2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引导名词性从句，这时不能用no matter+疑问词替换。Take whichever you want. We will do whatever we can to help him out. Ill show you whatever you want to see. Whoever did this job must be rewarded.Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.You may invite whomever（口语中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.Take whatever magazines you want to read. 12几种特殊的状语从句句型： (1) everywhere 引导 Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed. (2) anywhere 引导 Well go anywhere the Party directs us. (3) the way 引导 She is doing her work the way I like it done. (4) like 引导 The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse. (5) immediately/instantly引导 I didnt wait a moment, but came immediately you called. （6）time、moment引导的时间状语从句 Ill give her the note the moment I see her there.13. 几个难掌握的主语从句和宾语从句 (1) You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like. (2) You may take whichever(=any) seat you like. (3) Whoever(=Anyone who) cuts the trees down must be punished. (4) You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom) you meet at the office. 14. 几个重要的目的状语从句与结果状语从句： (1) in case He left early in case he should miss the last train. (2) for fear (that) He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged. (3) so that/in order that （目的状语从句）以便，为了 I hurried so that I wouldnt be late for class In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6. Lets take the front seats so that/in order that t we can see more clearly. (4) so that （引导结果状语从句）结果 We were late，so that the teacher was angry. (5) so +形容词+（或a/an+ 名词）+that 如此以致于 Ive been working so hard recently that I havent had any time for collecting new stamps. (6) such +名词（或an/a+形容词 + 名词）+- that It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it15、since 引导的时间状语从句： (1) Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式 Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. (2) It is + - + since 主语+持续性谓语动词（表否定） It is three years since she lived here. 她已三年不住这儿了。 (3) It is + - + since主语+ 瞬间谓语动词（表肯定） It is years since I stopped smoking）我戒烟已经数年了。九使用现在完成时和过去完成时的常用句型： (1) since句型：since+过去时间，主句用完成时 My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. (2) since when +完成时 Since when have you planted so many young trees? (3) This/it is the first (third.) time sb +have/ done sth This is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次到这儿。 (4) by（到为止）到过去某个时候为止用过去完成时，到现在为止 用现在完成时，到将来某个时候为止用将来完成时。 She will have finished the book by my next birthday. By eleven oclock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport. (5) in the past time( two days/years.) +完成时 In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life. (6) hardly/scarcely . when. (no sooner . than)句型用过去完成时 Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang. No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. (7) think/want/expect/wish/desire/hope等表示未实现的愿望打算等等用过去完成时 I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.十两种强调句型强调句的基本构成：It is/was + 被强调的部分 + who（主要指人时）/that + 其余部分这种结构可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语（包括时间，地点，方式，原因等），但是不能强调谓语动词。原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态，用It isthat/who.；原句的谓语动词如果是过去时态，用It wasthat/who.； 强调时间、地点、原因或方式时不要用when, where或how, 必须用that。一般疑问句 Is / Was it +被强调部分 +who / that ?特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+is /was +it +who / that? What is/was it that? Who is/was it that? When is/was it that? Where is/was it that? Why is/was it that? How is/was it that? 强调谓语动词，则用do/does/did：Tom does get up early every morning.He did tell me the secret yesterday.十一特殊的祈使句句型（1）祈使句（表条件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表结果） “否则，要不然”（2）祈使句（表条件）+ and +主句（表结果）Hurry up, or youll be late for class. Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.Think it over and you will find the answer. 十二. 倒装句1. 全倒装句型（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副词放在句首，句子需要全部倒装There goes the bell! = The bell is ringing. 铃响了！Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. 汽车来了。Now comes your turn to make a short speech. 该轮到你发言了。Away went the thief when he saw the pol