专题07 动词短语.doc

2013届高三英语语法要点精讲（配最新高考+模拟）专题07 动词短语【考纲解读】高考研究动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题拟题中动词所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，其考点主要涉及到以下几个方面:1.动词的词义。考查动词词义辨析是该考点出现的基本形式。2.动词搭配。有时只从句子的内容来看，几个选项似乎都合适，但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案。3.动词短语。很多动词与介词或副词连在一起构成固定的搭配从而形成动词短语或短语动词，不能随意更改。 【知识要点】动词1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4）动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems （to be）very sad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意。例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态。例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。b. 表示语态。例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句。例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：I dont like him.我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气。例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。助动词be的用法1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2）be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令。例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定。例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。助动词do 的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6）用作代动词。例如：- Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？- Yes, I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）助动词should, would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：What shall I do next week? I asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。比较：I will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。动词是英语中的重要词类之一,也是高考英语中的一个考查热点它是英语语言综合运用中的灵魂,没有动词的句子,就不是完整的句子可以将动词进行分类学习一在句子中否定词前移的动词类在主从复合句中,若主句的主语为第一人称,这类动词后面接含否定意义的宾语从句时,要把从句的否定词转移到主句中去这类动词有think, believe, expert, imagine, suppose, feel, guess, fancy等例如: To tell you the truth, I dont suppose he can give you any help in such a short time, ? A. do I B. cant he C. can he D. dont you (答案为C) 在回答对方提问时,这类动词的常用句式为“I expect so/not”例如: We dont believe we can make such an attempt, can we? I expect not. 二计划未能实现的动词类此类动词常用过去完成时,其后接动词不定式作宾语,或用于一般过去时,其后接不定式的完成式表示虚拟语气,或表达原来的计划未能实现这类动词有intend, mean, plan, expect, hope, think, want, suppose等例如: I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me. They hoped to have stayed there a week, but the word came. I had to come back. 三表示将来时间的动词类这类动词常用一般现在时现在进行时表示将来时间它们有come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等例如: Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 四表示“据说”意义的动词类此类动词常用过去分词形式,表示“据说”“据报道”等意思常见句式为“It + be + 过去分词+ that从句”这类动词有decide, say, know, report, think, believe, suppose, declare, announce等注意: order, suggest, request后面的that从句中常用虚拟语气,也可省略should, 直接用动词原形来表示例如: It is ordered that this design (should) be given up as quickly as possible. It is announced that two teams will have a game in our school. 五使用替代词的动词类此类动词后面常接so/not作宾语,以此回答或代替前面的句子或主从复合句中的从句及谓语动词这类动词有believe, guess, imagine, expect, hope, would like等例如: Will it rain this weekend? I expect so/not. 六混合使用在被动结构中的动词类此类动词常用“动词be + 过去分词”结构,这种结构既表示被动意义,又表示一种状态常见的这种结构有be surprised, be astonished, be discouraged, be pleased, be disappointed, be frightened, be satisfied, be absorbed, be born, be dressed, be devoted, be seated, be engaged in, be obliged to, be supposed to, be supplied with, be connected with, be equipped with, be married to等例如: These years they have been engaged in building the Three Gorges. You are supposed to send for a doctor immediately. 七能带同源宾语的动词类有些不及物动词后面可以接词源相同的名词作宾语,即同源宾语这一名词前面往往有一个修饰语或另一个名词的所有格这类动词有die, smile, live, dream, laugh, smell, run, sing, whistle, fight等例如: He died a heroic death. He smiled a forced smile. Then they lived a dogs life. The lady laughed a hearty laugh. 八瞬间动词类瞬间动词(又叫终止性动词)表示动作不能延续,在肯定句中不能与表达一段时间的状语连用这类动词有go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, kill, marry, graduate等比较: They have become friends since they met in Shanghai. (错误) They have been friends since they met in Shanghai. (正确) My grandfather has died for ten years. (错误) My grandfather has been dead for ten years. (正确) 九带介词to的动词词组类这类动词词组有lead to(导致), stick to(坚持), refer to(提及), look forward to(盼望), belong to(属于), object to(反对), be/get used to(习惯于), be accustomed to(习惯于), adjust to(适应), adapt to(适应), put an end to(结束), devote . to(献身于), set to(开始积极的做), get down to(着手), give ones life to(献身于), prefer + v-ing . to + v-ing(与比更喜欢), come to(谈到), be supposed to(反对), agree to, add to等例如: The red-letter day he has been looking forward to is coming today! My brother objects to being made fun of him. 十与冠词连用,表示“拍”“打”“拉”“抓”意义的动词类这类动词有pat, tap, hit, beat, strike, take, catch, grasp, pull, seize等这类动词常用的句式为“主语+ 及物动词+ sb + 介词+ the + 身体部位”例如: The angry father caught his son by the arm. The naughty boy hit the man on the nose. 十一感官使役动词类这类动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候,表示动作已经完成或表示动作的全过程;后接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行,后接过去分词时表示一个被动动作已经完成但在被动结构中作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to这类动词有see, look at, watch, notic, observe, hear, feel, listen to, make, let等例如: I saw two boys playing football on the playground. We often heard this song sung by our students after class. When I stayed at home, I often made my little brother cry, but last week, I was made to cry by my little brother. 十二系动词类能用作系动词的词后面常接形容词或名词作表语,此时动词没有进行时态和被动语态这类动词有be, appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, smell, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall, make, remain, continue, stand, lie, sit, exist等例如: This roasted duck looks good and smells delicious. On hearing the news he looked sad and he looked at me sadly. My brother remained silent all time at the meeting. The speech he made proved disappointing. 十三后接动名词作宾语的动词类此类动词及短语动词后面接动名词作宾语这类动词和短语动词有mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, escape, keep, suggest, appreciate, practise, delay, finish, forbid, deny, feel like, look forward to, cant help, keep(on), miss, be used to, excuse, be worth, imagine, put off, give up等例如: He is considering finishing pratising playing the notes in order not to disturb others. The tiger escaped being killed by the hunter. 十四后接动词不定式作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接动词不定式作宾语它们有afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, refuse, wish, hope, order, promise, pretend, offer, happen, seem, make up ones mind, used, be about, be able, have等例如: She pretended not to see me when I passed by. My father earns a low salary every month, so he cant afford to buy such an expensive car. 十五后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词类这类动词的后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词其中区别不大的有begin, continue, like, love, prefer, start, hate意义有明显区别的有try to do(努力做), try doing(试着做), mean to do(打算), mean doing(意味着做), cant help doing(忍不住做), cant help to do(不能帮助做), remember doing(记得做过), remember to do(记住去做), regret doing (后悔做过), forget to do(忘记去做), forget doing(忘记做过), stop to do sth(停下正做的事去做另外一件事), stop doing sth(停止正在做的事), go on to do sth(接着做另一件事), go on doing sth(继续做某事)例如: I am too busy today, so I cant help to wash the dishes. 今天太忙,我不能帮助刷盘子了Hearing the story, I cant help laughing heartily. 听到这个故事,我情不自禁地笑了起来十六表示“需要”意义的动词类这类动词后面既可以直接接动名词,也可接动词不定式的被动式,但二者均可表示被动含义这类动词有need, want, require, deserve等例如: The new teaching building needs painting. (= The new teaching building needs to be painted.) Your suggestion deserves reconsidering. (= Your suggestion deserves to be reconsidered.) 十七用在虚拟语气中的动词类表示应该(或规劝命令建议要求)等意义的动词后面,宾语从句中的谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”的形式,其中should常常可以省略这类动词有order, suggest, insist, advise, command, demand, require等例如: Captain Cook commanded his men (should) jump into the sea. The police required that I (should) turn up. 十八用主动形式表示被动意义的动词类这类动词常用主动形式表示被动的意义,其后常跟副词well, easily, poorly, 用来说明主语的特点性质或状态等这类动词有break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep, play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read, operate等例如: The clothes my mother bought for me last year washed well. The pen writes smoothly. 十九不能用于被动语态和进行时的动词类这类动词不能用于被动语态,它们用作谓语动词时,也不能用于进行时这类动词(短语)有become, cost, have, last, hold(容纳), fit, stand(忍受), suit, belong to, consist, exist, depend, happen, take place, run out(用完), break out, give out(耗尽), go out(熄灭), burst forth(突然爆发)等例如: The car in the garage belongs to my elder brother. The chair gave out under the fat man. The fuel ran out on the way. 二十后接反身代词作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接反身代词作宾语它们有enjoy, seat, present, teach, help, devote, call, find, force等例如: He taught himself law when free and devoted himself to teaching. He devoted himself to the revolution many years ago. The boy called himself a fool when he was told to leave the garden.短语动词是高考考查的一个热点，分析近年高考试题可知，高考对动词短语的考查主要有以下几个方式。一、不同的动词，后面加上相同的小品词使用频率较高的这类动词有：call, cut, come, go, get, go, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等。常见的介词或副词有：in, off, out, up, away, for, on, over等。1. 动词+ away构成的短语动词有：throw away扔掉；put away把收拾好；give away捐赠，分发；carry away运走；run away 潜逃；跑开；go away 走开2. 动词+ for构成的短语动词有：answer for负责；provide for供养；call for要求；plan for打算，为计划；hope for希望，期待；ask for索取，寻找；send for派人去请；go for努力获取；pay for偿还，赔偿；wait for等待; look for寻找等。3. 动词+ on构成的短语动词有：try on试穿，试验；put on穿上，上演；have on穿着，戴着；pull on穿，戴；hold on不挂断，坚持，继续；carry on继续开展，坚持；keep on继续；go on继续；get on上（车）；come on赶快等。4. 动词+ over构成的短语动词有：come over过来；hand over移交；go over仔细检查，复习；get over克复，恢复；look over检查；think over仔细考虑；take over接受，接管；hand over 移交；turn over翻转等等。5. 动词+ up构成的短语动词有：bring up抚育，培养；call up召唤，打电话给；come up走进，上来; cut up切碎; fix up修理；give up放弃；go up 上升，增长；grow up 长大；look up尊敬，向上看，查寻；make up虚构，弥补，组成；put up举起，搭建；pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到；set up建立，创（纪录）; send up发射; show up 揭露，露面；turn up出现，把调高一点; take up占据，开始从事等等。6. 动词+ out构成的短语动词有：come out出来; go out出去，熄灭; look out留神，当心; walk out走出; set out出发，开始; put out扑灭，生产; give out发出，发表; hand out分发; pick out挑选; find out找出，发现; speak out大声地说; turn out生产，打扫; get out出去，离开; work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通; carry out实现，执行; bring out出版；start out 出发，动身等等。二、同一个动词后面加上不同的小品词（即介词或副词）常见的这类动词有：break，die, call, cut, come, go, get, go, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等等。1. break + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：break down击败，摧毁，发生故障，（身体）垮掉；break out爆发；break through突破，突围；break off 中断，突然停止；break up打碎，分解，驱散；break in闯入（不及物）；break into破门而入（及物）；break away突然离开，逃脱，脱离等等。2. bring +介词的短语动词有：bring about使发生；bring back拿回来，使恢复；bring down打倒，降低；bring in引进；bring out出版，生产；bring up培养，养育；bring over把带来等等。3. come + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：come in进来；come from 来自于；come about产生；come over过来; come out出来，出现；come by从旁经过；come up上来，走进; come across偶遇；come along发生，进步；come after跟着来；come back回来；come around绕道而来；come down下来；come on快点，赶快等等。4. cut + 介词的短语动词有：cut in插嘴，插入；cut into切入；cut across抄近路；cut back减少；cut off切断；cut up切碎; cut away砍掉；cut down砍倒，削减；cut out剪取，剪掉；cut through通过，穿过等等。5. call + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：call after以的名字来命名；call for要求；call back叫回，召回，回忆；call up使人想起，给某人打电话；call on号召，拜访某人；call in （at）在某地稍作逗留，邀请；call off取消等等6. get + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：get about传播；get through到达，做完，通过，度过，打通（电话）；get in进入，陷入；get on上车，进展，融洽相处；get off下车，下来；get out出去，离开；get over 克服；get across通过，被理解；get along与融洽相处；get away离开，脱身等等。7. give + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：give up放弃；give in屈服，投降; give away赠送，捐赠，无意中泄漏，错过；give over移交，交出；give off放出，发出，排出；give out分发，散发，放出（光，热）；give back归还。8. go + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：go ahead着手，开始（做），进行；go along进展，前进；go around流传，传播；go away离去，走开；go beyond超过；go by过去，流逝；go down下降；go up上升；go for喜欢；go off离开，停止；go on继续，发生；go over复习，温习；go through经历，穿过等等。9. look + 介词/ 副词的短语有：look after照顾，照料；look away把目光移开；look around环顾；look at看；look down朝下看；look for寻找；look into调查；look out当心；look over检查；look through浏览，检查；look up向上看，查阅等等。10. turn + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：turn about / round（使）向后转，回头，转身；turn against（使）反对（某人）；turn away转过脸去，拒绝；turn back往回走；turn down调低，关小，拒绝；turn in上缴，上交；turn into（使）变成；turn off关掉；turn on打开；turn out熄灭，生产；turn over翻过来；turn to求助于，转向；turn up调高，到达，出现等等。11. put + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：put aside把放在一边，积蓄；put away把收拾好，积蓄；put back把放回原处；put down放下，镇压；put forward提出，建议；put in放进；put off推迟，拖延；put on穿上，戴上，增加，上演；put out生产出，出版；put up举起等等。12. be / get / become + 过去分词/ 形容词+ 介词的短语动词有：be dressed in穿着；be fond of 爱好，喜爱；be lost in沉溺于；be located in位于；be addicted to沉溺于；be used to习惯于；be curious about对好奇；be engaged in忙于；be glad to乐意；be convinced of确信，认识到；be aware of知道；be worried about担心等等。13. 动词+ 副词+ 介词的短语动词有：add up to合计达；break away from从脱离开；come up with找到，提出；catch up with赶上；get down to开始认真地做某事；go in for参加，追求；keep away from远离；keep up with跟上；date back to追溯到；put up with忍受，容忍；run out of用完；watch out for当心；look down upon瞧不起；go ahead with开始，着手；go along with一起去，同意；hold on to坚持等等。三、动词不同，小品词也不同。这一类题应该是最难的，因为它考查面广且灵活多变。【例】Shes having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesnt know whom to_ . A. turn to B. look for C. deal with D. talk about 【解析】turn to“求助于”；look for“寻找”；deal with“处理”；talk about“谈论”。句意是“她使用这部新电脑一直有麻烦，但她不知道该找谁帮忙。”故正确答案为A。【考点诠释】考点一、考查动词词义辨析 这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。 例Recently, these companies have _ some workers because of the drop in economy. A. hired B. dismissed C. refused D. employed 考点二、 考查近义动词辨析 这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。 例When his brother was to cross the street, he was knocked down by a truck and badly _。A. injured B damaged C. harmed D. destroyed 【解析】 这四个动词都有“伤害，损害”之意，但具体用法不同。injure指在意外事故中“受伤”；damage主要指对于物体的不彻底的破坏，这种破坏或因自然灾害所致，或因人为造成，常含可以修复之意；harm用于肉体或精神上的伤害，有时可指引起不安或不便；destroy表示毁坏十分彻底，常含无法修复再用之意。从题意来看，答案为A。 考点三、考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配 英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。 例 With modern equipment, many mysteries have _ to light in recent years.A. bought B. come C. thrown D. appeared 【