译林版高中英语选修8学案：例句精讲 Unit3　.doc

例句精讲1. i was amazed to learn that picasso produced more than 20 000 pieces of art and that he wasnt just a painter. he drew pictures for books, and was also a sculptor and a photographer.我惊讶地得知，毕加索一生创作了两万多件艺术作品，而且他不仅仅是一名油画家，他还为图书画插图，还是一名雕刻家和摄影家。【巧解句构】that picasso produced more than 20 000 pieces of art和that he wasnt just a painter，均为宾语从句，第二个宾语从句中的引导词that不省略。【要点剖析】当一个动词接两个或两个以上的that从句作宾语时，that一般不省略，特别是第二、第三个that部分。【拓展延伸】在以下情况下，宾语从句中的that一般都不省略：1）that从句作learn, request, suggest, insist, explain, agree, prove, feel, mean等动词的宾语时，that一般不省略。如：this experiment proved that galiheos theory of falling objects is true.这个实验证明伽利略的落体理论是对的。 2）当句子的状语部分位于从句的前部时，that不可省。如：i discovered to my surprise that about half the things were true.我吃惊地发现事情大半是真的。3）当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不能省略。如：just then i noticed, for the first time, that our teacher was wearing his black silk cap.这时，我才第一次注意到我们的老师戴着黑色丝帽。4）当宾语从句的主语是this, that或this, that修饰主语时，that不能省略。如：he said that that was an excellent idea.他说那是个极好的主意。5）当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不能省略。如：mr smith told the workers that john had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay.史密斯先生告诉工人们说约翰工作很努力，他想要他留下来。6）当that宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时，that不可省。如：finally they said rubbing the little girls leg might help.后来他们说按摩小女孩的腿也许有用。7）当主句中的谓语是固定词组时，宾语从句中的that不能省略。如：once aristotle made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students.亚里士多德一旦认定重的物体比轻的物体下落得快，就把它作为真理教给他的学生。8）当that宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时，that不可省。如：we consider it important that college students should master at least one foreign language.我们认为大学生至少掌握一门外语是很重要的。2. this painting is so valuable that it is difficult to calculate what its price would be if the museum wanted to sell it.这幅画如此珍贵，如果博物馆想卖了它，都很难为它估价。【巧解句构】本句运用了so+adj./adv.+that-clause结构，表示“如此以至于”；本句还运用了if引导的虚拟语气结构，表示与现在的客观事物相反的情况。【拓展延伸】1）so that, so.that.,such.that.等结构都可引导结果状语从句。如：there were so many people(=such a lot of people)in the room that we could not get in.房间里这么多人以至我们进不去。he bought so cheap a recorder that he saved some money.他买了一台如此便宜的录音机，以致节省了一些钱。2）所表示的条件根本不可能实现或者实现的可能性很小的时候，称之为非真实条件句，其主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，其基本形式按时态分类如下：时态if从句主句例句现在时态1）过去时（were）2)过去时助动词+v.原形should+v.原形would+v.原形could+v.原形might+v.原形if i worked harder, i would succeed.如果我努力去做，我就会成功的。（实际上没有努力）过去时态had+过去分词should+have+v.过去分词would+have+过去分词could+have+过去分词might+have+过去分词you wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.如果你多穿点衣服的话，你就不会感冒了。将来时态were to+v.原形should+v.原形should+v.原形would+v.原形could+v.原形might+v.原形should anyone call(if anyone should call)please take a message.要是有人打电话的话，请留个信儿。【辨析比较】1)so that既可以引导结果状语从句也可以引导目的状语从句。当从句中含有may, might, can, could, will, would, be able to等情态动词时，一般为目的状语从句;如：the engineer didnt plan his time well so that he didnt finish the work in time.这位工程师没有计划好时间，结果没能及时完成任务。（结果状语从句）the engineer tried to plan his time well so that he could finish the work in time.这位工程师精心计划时间以便能按时完成工作。（目的状语从句）2)so.that.结构中that既可以引导结果状语从句也可引导定语从句。如：this is so valuable a book that they all cherish it.这是如此有价值的一本书，他们都很珍视。(结果状语从句)this is so valuable a book that they all cherish it.这是他们珍爱的很有价值的书。（定语从句）3)判定的办法是看that在从句中是否充当成分，如果作代词充当从句的主语、表语或宾语为定语从句；如果是连词，不充当句子成分则为结果状语从句。3. hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we forgot our map in the room.第二天早晨我们刚离开宿舍，就想起把地图忘在房间里了。【巧解句构】1)这是一个倒装句。正常语序是we had hardly left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we forgot our map in the room.2)句中hardly.when.意思是“一就”，主句常用过去完成时，when引导的从句常用一般过去时。又如：hardly had i got home when it began to rain.我刚到家就开始下雨了。【拓展延伸】1)在以never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, barely, nowhere, by no means, not until, hardly(scarcely).when, no sooner.than等否定或半否定意义的词位于句首，表示强调的句子时，句子一般采取倒装形式。如：little do i dream of seeing such wonderful scenery.我梦想不到会看到这样神奇的景色。hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.他一进屋，天就下雨了。no sooner had he finished his homework than the light went out.他一做完作业，灯就熄灭了。2)注意当这些词不提到句首或作形容词修饰主语名词而置于句首时，句子不用倒装。如：he had hardly finished his homework when the light went out.他一做完作业，灯就熄灭了。4. it was while at the new york school of art that he experimented with different materials such as cloth and plastic in his paintings.正是在纽约艺术学院这段时间，他在其绘画作品中尝试采用不同的材料，如布和塑料。【巧解句构】it is/was.that.是强调结构，用来强调句子的某一成分。被强调的句子成分通常是主语、宾语或状语。被强调的部分指人时用who或that均可；指事物或情况时，通常用that。【要点剖析】1)被强调的代词的格应与原句的格一致：如果被强调的代词是原句的主语，就用i, we, he等；是宾语就用me, us, him等。2)被强调的部分如果是原句的主语，that/who后的谓语动词在人称和数上应和原句的主语一致。如：it is i who am leaving for london next week.下周去伦敦的是我。3)被强调的部分是时间状语或地点状语时，不用when或where，而用that。如：it was in qingdao that we met for the first time.我们首次相见是在青岛。【记忆要诀】 注意区分强调句和其他从句。如果把it is.that.去掉，句子还成立，就是强调句。【辨析比较】 such as与for examplesuch as用来列举事物，常用在列举的事物和前面的句词之间，但是所列举的事物的数量不能等同于之前所提事物的总数，否则应用that is 或namely;for example主要用来举例说明，一般只列举同类人或事物中的“一个”，其位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末，用标点符号隔开，而s