译林版高中英语选修8学案：语法详解 Unit3　.doc

四、语法详解（一）关于倒装将谓语或谓语的一部分放到主语的前面，这种句式就称之为倒装。倒 装又可分为全倒装和半倒装。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前的称为全倒装；只将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语之前的称为半倒装或部分倒装。请看下面的例句：the teacher came in.（正常语序）老师进来了。in came the teacher.（完全倒装）老师进来了。we can learn english well only in this way.（正常语序）通过这种方法我们能学好英语。only in this way can we learn english well.（部分倒装）只有用这种方法，我们才能学好英语。（二）哪些情况下要用倒装在下列情况下常用倒装语序：1.在以here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副词开头的句子里，主语是名词时，句子要用倒装，以示强调；但主语是代词时，主谓不倒装。如：away flew the birds.鸟儿飞走了。out rushed the children.孩子们冲出去了。there goes the bell.铃声响了。2.以only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句（自身不倒装）位于句首时，常用倒装句。如：only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go to school.只有1949年战争结束后，他才能去上学。only in a big city was it possible for him to buy a wheelchair.只有在大城市，他才有可能买一辆轮椅。only after i read the text over again did i know its main idea.只有当我再一次读课文，我才能知道它的主要意思。3.在以as引导的让步状语从句中，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到as之前）。如：young (child) as he is,he knows a lot about computer.虽然他很小，但他知道许多计算机的事情。【注意】在as引导的这种倒装的让步状语从句中，被倒装的部分一般分为三种：表语、状语和动词原形。如果表语是不带定语的单数可数名词，前边的a （an）要省去；被倒装的动词原形常与may、might、will、would等词连用，而这些词都要保留在原来的位置上。此外，这个倒装在句首的动词原形不能是连系动词（若是连系动词，倒装的部分是表语），一般多为不及物动词。再看另外的两个例句：much as i hate him，i will not kill him.虽然我很憎恨他，我却不能杀死他。try as he might,tom could not find a job.尽管他努力了，汤姆却没有找到工作。4.表示否定意义的副词或连词位于句首时，要用倒装。常见的这类词语有：not、never、seldom、rarely、hardly、by no means、in no time、little等。如：never shall i forget the day.little did i know when i took the trip where it would lead me.当我接受这次旅行时，我几乎不知道它会把我带到哪里。by no means shall we understand you.我们决不理解你们。5.such表示“这样的人/事”时，（系动词往往是be动词），当such位于句首时，就要用倒装。如：such would be our home in the future.这就是我们未来的家。such was albert einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.阿尔伯特爱因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个简单的人，一个20世纪最伟大的科学家。6.几个否定关联词组连接的两并列分句（1）not only but (also) 连接的分句前倒后正。如：not only was the city polluted but (also) the streets were crowed.不仅这座城市被污染了，而且街道也很拥挤。（2）no sooner than:hardly when ; scarcely when (before) 等连接的分句前倒后正。如：no sooner had he finished the talk than a man stood up and put forward a question.他一结束演讲一个人就站起来提出了一个问题。hardly had we got to the bus stop when the bus arrived.我们一到汽车站，公共汽车就来了。（3）not until 连接的分句前正后倒。如：not until mr.smith came to china did he know what kind of a country she is.直到史密斯先生来到中国，他才知道中国是一个什么样的国家。not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼都死了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。（4）neither nor 连接的分句前后都倒，并且每个分句一般都是部分倒装。如：neither could theory do without practice,nor could practice do without theory.理论不能没有实践，实践也不能没有理论。neither does he work hard,nor is he proud of being a student of this university.他既不努力工作，也不因是这所大学的一个学生而骄傲。【注意】如果以上所讲的这些否定关联词组连接的不是两个分句，就不用倒装了。如：neither he nor his classmates are right.他和他的同学都不正确。7.直接引语的全部或部分在主语之前，且主句的主语是名词时，主句倒装。如：“you are right,”said the teacher.老师说：“你是对的。”【注意】如果这种引语中的主语不是名词而是代词，则不用倒装。如：“i wont do it again!”he said.他说：“我不想再做了！”8.某些表示祝福、愿望的句子需要倒装。如：long live china!may you succeed!9.在以often、always、once、many a time、now and then、every、every two hours等表示频率的副词位于句子开头，且表示强调时，采用倒装（若不表示强调也可用自然语序）。如：many a time did the boy go swimming alone.这个男孩不止一次独自去游泳。often did we warn them not to do so.我们经常警告他们不要这样做。often we warned them not to do so.我们经常警告他们不要这样做。活学巧用单项填空1.hardly _ the bus stop _ the bus arrived.a.we had got to;whenb.had we got to;whenc.we had got to;thand.had we got;than提示：本题考查一个固定结构。hardly when “表示”一就“，hardly否定副词位于句首，倒装。答案：b2.no sooner _ to bed _ i went to sleep.a.had i gone;whenb.i had gone;thanc.had i gone;thand.i went;when提示：本题考查“一就”no sooner than no sooner位于句首，倒装句。答案：c3.there used to be a church behind the school， _?a.didnt thereb.used therec.usednt itd.isnt it提示：used to的否定形式有两种didnt use to 或usednt to。答案：a4.not only _ this machine,but _ it.a.can he run；can he repairb.he can run；can he repairc.he can run；he can repaird.can he run；he can repair提示：not only位于句首倒装，but后不倒装。答案：d5.seldom _late _ the office.a.he comes；tob.does he come；toc.does he come；ford.he comes；for提示：seldom位于句首用部分倒装。答案：c6.can children swim in this poor?yes.however,at no time _ alone.a.should they swimb.should swim theyc.shouldnt they swimd.they should swim提示：at no time“决不”，位于句首，用倒装结构。答案：b7.not until the early 1900s _ to vote in the united states.a.women were allowedb.they allowed womenc.were women allowedd.when women were allowed提示：not until位于句首，用部分倒装。答案：c8.only in this way _ progress in your english.a.youb.you be able to makec.can you maded.will you be able to make提示：only in this way位于句首，用部分倒装。c项can后应接动词原形，所以不正确。答案：d9._ he _ it was too late to return home.a.no sooner it grew dark than；realizedb.hardly had it grown dark then；realizedc.it was until dark that；realizedd.not until dark did；realize提示：本句句意为“直到天黑了他才意识到太晚了需要回家了”。强调not until要把not与until一起提前。答案：d10.you say he works hard,_ and _.a.so do you；so he doesb.so does he；so you doc.so he does；so do youd.so he does；you do so提示：句意为“你说他工作很努力，确实是（表示肯定前一个人所说的话），并且你也是（表示前一种情况也适应于另一个人）。”答案：c11.in the eastern part of new jersey _ a major shipping and manufacturing center.a.the city of elizabeth lies thereb.around the city of elizabeth liesc.there lies the city of elizabethd.lies the city of elizabeth提示：表示方位的词位于句首时，要用全部倒装。答案：b12.never before _ such an interesting film.a.i sawb.saw ic.i have seend.have i seem提示：never before位于句首用部分倒装。答案：d13._ that she didnt know what to do.a.so sad she wasb.so sad was shec.she sad was sod.sad so was she提示：sothat结构中，so连同状语位于句首用倒装。答案：b14.there is a dog over there.look,out _.