译林版高中英语选修8学案：语法解读 Unit3.doc

语法解读倒装结构句子按“主语+谓语”的顺序排列，叫自然语序，谓语在前，主语在后，叫倒装语序。倒装语序又分两种：整个谓语在前，叫完全倒装，部分谓语（情态动词、助动词、连系动词）在前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后，叫半倒装或部分倒装。一、完全倒装在下列情况下，句子需全倒装：1.在there, here引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist等表示状态的不及物动词，如：there is nobody in the classroom.教室里空无一人。there seems something wrong about it.这事好像有什么问题。there happened an event last week.上周出了一件事。there lived a girl named a qiao long ago.很久以前这儿住了一位叫阿巧的姑娘。there stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山顶有座庙。there lies a deep pond at the foot of the hill.山脚下有一口深塘。there exist different opinions on this question.关于这个问题还有不同意见。here are coasts for young people.这儿有年轻人穿的大衣。here is a seat for you, wang lin.王林，这儿有你的座位。2.在语气词there, here开头的句子里，谓语动词是come, go等，如：there goes the bell!铃响了！there goes the thief!有贼！here are the books!给你书！here comes your husband.你丈夫来了。如主语是人称代词，则不用倒装，如：there you go again.你又来这一套。here he comes.他来了。here you are.给你。here it is.喏，在这。3.副词now, then, thus引导的句子里，谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等，如：now comes your turn!该你了。then followed a shot of gun.接着又一声枪响。thus ended the meeting.会议就这样结束了。4.在long live.等表示祝愿的句子里，如：long live the peoples republic of china!中华人民共和国万岁！be ours a happy meeting!希望我们的集会愉快！5.在直接引语全部或部分置于句首的句子里，引述动词和它的主语（名词）往往要倒装。如：“you have made great progress this term”, said our teacher.教师说：“你这学期取得了很大进步。”“mr. crossett,” said my father, “will you permit an old pupil to shake hands with you?”“克罗斯先生，”我父亲说，“请允许您以前的一个学生跟您握握手，好吗？”主语是代词时，倒装不倒装都可以，如：“where are you going?” asked he.(or: he asked.)“你去哪里”？他问。引述动词另有宾语时，即使主语是名词也不倒装。如：“why didnt you join us!” our monitor asked me.“你为什么不加入我们？”我们的班长问道。6.在in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back作状语置于句首，谓语动词是come, go, rush, run等不及物动词的句子里，如：the door opened and in came mr.smith, our headmaster.门开了，进来了史密斯先生，我们的校长。when tiny white eggs hatch, out come little fat white worms.当很小的白色的卵孵化出来后，就出来肥胖的白色小虫子。up and up go the prices.价格越来越高。down drop the meat into the foxs mouth.这块肉往下落，掉入狐狸的嘴巴里。up flew the arrow into the sky.箭嗖的一声射入天空。over turned the huge stone.这块巨石翻了个个。away ran the prisoner.这犯人逃跑了。off went the horses.这些马走脱了。back fought our soldiers.我们的士兵还击了。如果是人称代词则不用倒装。如：in he came and the lesson began.他走进来开始上课。back they fought.他们还击了。up it flew.它往上飞走了。7.在地点状语提前，谓语是be, stand, sit, lie 等动词的句子里，如：in the front of the stage stood a singer.台前站着一位歌唱家。on every piece of paper was a picture of a horse.每张纸上有一幅画有马的画。from a speaker on the wall comes the doctors voice.从墙上的扩音器里传来医生的声音。on the ground lay a sick goat.地上躺着一头生病的山羊。from the distance came a policeman.远处来了一个警察。alone the wall stands four big book cases.沿着墙放了四只大书箱。8.在谓语是be,表语提前的句子里，如：such was albert einstein, a simple man of great achievements.阿尔伯特爱因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个淳朴而又取得巨大成就的人。happy is he who devotes himself to the cause of communism.他献身于共产主义事业，感到幸福。so busy is the dentist that he has no time to spare.这个牙科医生这样忙以至抽不出一点时间来。9.不带if的虚拟条件状语从句，谓语动词是be的句子，如：were i in your position, i would ask him about the matter.我要是处于你那样的位置，我就要问问他这件事情。二、部分倒装在下列情况下，句子需要部分倒装。1.在疑问句里，如：do you have an english class every day?你每天上英语课吗？what did the two cheats pretend to be doing?这两个骗子假装在干什么？在特殊疑问句里，如疑问词作主语，则不用倒装，如：who is in the next room?谁在隔壁房间？what makes you so angry?什么使你生气？which of you is the oldest?你们中谁年龄最大？2.在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句中，如：had i know the answer, i should have told you.我要是知道这个答案，我就告诉你了。should he be interested in this subject, he might work hard at it.他要对这科感兴趣，他就会努力去做。3.在以may开头的表示祝愿的句子里，如：may you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风！4.在以so开头表示“也一样”，和以nor或neither开头表示“也一样不”的句子里，如：a fish can swim and so can i.鱼会游泳，我也会。we have had breakfast and so have they.我们吃了早餐，他们也吃了早餐。if you buy it, so will i.如果你买它，我也想买它。he didnt do it and neither did i.他没有做，我也没有做。the boy cant skate and nor can the girl.这男孩不会滑冰，这女孩也不会滑冰。he didnt smoke, nor did he drink.他不抽烟也不喝酒。if you dont want it, neither shall i.如果你不要它，我也不要。he is not a businessman, neither does he wish to be.他不是商人，他也不想成为商人。注意1）在这一句型里，如谓语是be，则要完全倒装，如：im a teacher and so is he.我是个教师，他也是。he isnt late and neither am i.他没迟到，我也没有。2）如果后一句只是单纯地重复前面句子的意思，而不是表示前一句主语的情况适合于后一句主语的情况则不用倒装。如：it is hot today.今天热。so it is.今天是热。he finished it on time.他按时完成了。so he did.不错，他是按时完成了。3）如表示按别人的意思做了什么事，so也不用提前，如：the teacher asked me to read louder, and i did so.老师要我大声读，我大声读了。4）so.和neither(nor).都可用so it is with.来代替。如：tom studies hard, so does mary.(or: so it is with mary.)汤姆学习努力，玛丽学习也努力。tom isnt nervous, neither(nor)is mary.(or: so it is with mary.)汤姆不紧张，玛丽也不紧张。5)在下列情况下，不能用so或neither(nor).来表达，但可用so it is with.来表达。当前面两个句子，一个是肯定式，一个是否定式时，如：tom likes singing, but he doesnt like dancing. so it is with mary.汤姆喜欢唱歌，但他不喜欢跳舞。玛丽也是如此。当一个句子的主语是人，一个句子的主语是物时，如：tom is in class two, and his classroom is over there. so it is with mary.汤姆在二班，他的教室在那头。玛丽也是二班，教室在那头。当两个句子的谓语动词属于不同类型时，可用so it is with.来表达，如：tom is clever and he studies hard. so it is with mary.汤姆聪明，学习又努力。玛丽也是如此。5.在以never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, barely, rarely, nowhere, by no means, not until, hardly(scarcely).when, no sooner.than等否定或半否定意义的词位于句首表示强调的句子时，如：never before have i met him.我以前从未见过他。hardly did i think it possible.我认为这几乎是不可能的。scarcely did he live in the countryside.他很少住在农村。not a single paper did the scholar write the whole term.这个学者整个学期没有写一篇论文。seldom did the boy read newspaper.这孩子以前很少读报。barely did i have time to catch the bus.我几乎来不及赶上公共汽车。rarely do we see a bike like that now.我们现在很难看到那样的自行车。nowhere could we find the book.我们没有哪里可找到这本书。no longer is her fit to be a member of this club.他不再适合当这个俱乐部的成员。not until midnight did it stop raining.雨一直下到半夜才停。hardly had he entered the house than it began to rain.他一进屋就下雨。no sooner had they entered the house than it began to rain.他们一到工厂就开始工作。6.neither.nor连接的两个句子都要倒装，not only.but also连接两个句子时，not only后面的句子要倒装，如：neither has he called on her, nor will he do so.他没有访问她，也不想这么做。not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.不但他本人对这个问题感兴趣，而且他的学生也渐渐对此感兴趣。not only shall we learn from books, but also we should learn from practice.我们不但要向书本学习，而且要向实践学习。7.在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours以及then等作状语的词位于句首的句子里，如：often did i speak of him before.我以前常说到他。always does she ask me for money.她总是向我要钱。many a time has he helped my with my experiments.他很多次帮助我做实验。now and then does madame white go to the cinema.怀特太太常去看电影。every other day did i go to see my cousin in the hospital.我隔天去医院看我的表妹。thus was it stolen.它就是这样被偷的。8.在only 修饰句子中的状语，且位于句首的句子里，如：only then did i realize the importance of english.只有在那时，我才认识到英语的重要性。only in this way can we learn maths well.只有这样，你才能把数学学好。only when the war was over in 1918,was he able to get happily back to work.直到1918年战争结束后，他才能愉快地重新投身于研究工作。注意1）only修饰的状语，如不位于句首，则不用倒装，如：the aim was achieved only after a bitter struggle.只有经过艰苦的奋斗，才能达到目标。2）only 虽位于句首，但修饰的主语，也不用倒装，如：only socialism can save china.只有社会主义才能救中国。only a narrow strait separates north america from asia.只有一条狭窄的海峡把北美洲同亚洲分开。记忆窍门：a. 情况下用全部倒装形式：表示位置关系的副词（如here, there, out, in, up, down, away等）开头的句型。如：out rushed the soldiers.there 开头的固定倒装句型。如：there goes the bell.为了保持句子平衡，或强调表语或状语时，一般用全部倒装。如：nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.“so (neither, nor)+助动词+主语”句型。如：he has never been to new york, neither have i.b. 情况下一般用部分倒装形式：当表位置关系的副词开头的句子主语是人称代词时，用部分倒装。如：here you are.only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句用于句首时。如：only in thi