上外2008年翻译学专业考研试题.doc

上海外国语大学2008年高翻学院翻译学专业考研试题2008翻译综合试题一、写出下列人名的通用译名及国别 （15分）Ernest HemingwayM.A.K. HallidayE.A. NidaJames S. HolmesPeter Newmark二、写出下列术语的通用译法 （25分）Dynamic EquivalenceCritical Discourse AnalysisTarget LanguageDomesticationPragmatics三、解释“动态平衡”概念，并阐述你的看法。（40分）四、西方历史上的翻译家你知道几位？选其中一位谈谈你对他的认识（译著、成就）。（40分）五、Please briefly describe in English what is Simultaneous Interpreting. （30分）2008翻译实践试题（英译汉）The Economist 2007-11-8上弄来的From broken windows to broken schools IN THE 1990s New York Citys success in cutting crime became a model for America and the world. Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows” philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture of lawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around. It made the name of the mayor, Rudy Giuliani, now a presidential aspirant. Hopeless is how many people feel about Americas government-funded public schools, particularly in the dodgier parts of big cities, where graduation rates are shockingly low and many fail to achieve basic levels of literacy and numeracy. As with urban crime, failing urban schools are preoccupying countries the world over. And just as New York pointed the way on fighting crime, under another mayor, Michael Bloomberg, it is now emerging as a model for school reform. On November 5th Mr Bloomberg announced a new “report card” for the citys schools, designed to make them accountable for their performance. The highest-graded schools will get an increased budget and perhaps a bonus for the principal (head teacher). Schools that fail will not be tolerated: unless their performance improves, their principals will be fired, and if that does not do the trick, they will be closed. This is the culmination of a series of reforms that began when Mr Bloomberg campaigned for, and won, direct control of the school system after becoming mayor in 2002. Even before the “report cards”, there have been impressive signs of improvement, including higher test scores and better graduation rates. (Mr Bloomberg has not been as brave with schools as Mr Giuliani was with crime. Oddly given his belief in competition, the former media mogul shunned the most radical optionvouchers that allow parents to shop around beyond the public-schools system for their childrens education. On the other hand, even supporters of school choice, like this newspaper, have to admit it is proving hard to sell. (This week voters in Utah rejected a proposed voucher scheme, thought to be the 11th time in succession that voters have said no to something similar.) Nor has Mr Bloomberg made a big push to introduce large numbers of independent charter schools as exist, say, in Los Angeles. ) Against this, Mr Bloomberg has provided an example of what a mayor with control of schools can do even without embracing such controversial ideas. He has avoided inflammatory political terms“merit pay” and “vouchers” are red rags to teachers unions. Instead, by using the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions from principals and teachers, and by persuading philanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might be hard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put in place a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that he hopes will achieve much the same effect. Will it? A lot will depend on whether Mr Bloombergs actions continue to match his tough talk. Unless bad schools are indeed closed, his scheme will be as much good as a blackboard with no chalk. But there are some parallels with Mr Giulianis crime reforms. For the New York Police Departments giant CompStat database, which provided useful insight into crime patterns, read a new schools information system for students, parents, teachers and schools administrators designed by IBM. For the concept of making precinct police captains personally accountable for reducing crime, read the grading of schools and firing of failing principals. And so on.Will it last?New Yorks reforms are encouraging other cities to consider giving the mayor control of schools. That is a good idea, if only because school boards, the current alternative, are usually packed with patronage dispensing cronies of the unions. Voters now know who to blame in New York if the schools are bad. But mayoral control alone is no guarantee of success. For one thing, it can all too easily be reversed: it is by no means certain that the next mayor of New York will be granted the same powers as the present one, or will use those powers to sack bad teachers. The best hope is that Mr Bloombergs new schools system will work so well that no future mayor would dream of changing itjust as no mayor nowadays would dare to tamper with Mr Giulianis policies on crime.2008翻译系翻译实践试题（汉译英）以健康为代价的经济发展要不得 中国人的健康状况亮起红灯，并不能简单地归结为“健康透支”的结果，而是有着复杂的社会和经济原因。 一是市场社会下价值观的高度同质化，金钱成了衡量一切价值的终极价值。从上世纪80年代起，人们就逐步身不由己地卷入了一场长时间的全民赚钱大竞赛。由于这个价值尺度高度单一，胜负立判，而且关系到能不能被社会、亲友乃至配偶所认同，所以它给人带来的焦虑感是巨大的，而在竞赛中落败后的抑郁，也是不难想像的。 但这还仅仅是问题一个方面，另一个方面则是为了“激励”起人们的工作热情，国家透过一系列的措施，相继撤消了民众在教育、医疗、养老、住房等诸方面所享有的福利，与此同时，相应的社会保障体系并没有完善起来，使民众一方面货币支出的负担大大加重，另一方面又处于一种随时可能被甩出社会安全网的恐惧之中，心理压力大大增加。 二是环境污染日益严重和食品安全防线渐趋失守。国家环保总局副局长潘岳有一次在接受采访时透露：目前中国1/3的国土都遭遇过酸雨的袭击，七大河中一半的水资源是完全没用的，而另有1/4的中国人没有纯净的饮用水，1/3的城市人口不得不呼吸被污染的空气，城市中只有不到20%的垃圾是按照环保的方式处理，世界上10个污染最严重的城市中国占了5个，北京有70%-80%的癌症和环境污染有关。