专八日常翻译练习.doc

What had he been afraid of, I asked myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space to the astronaut. His every perception will e to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. “他一直在害怕什么呢？”，我问自已。 怕突然一个人呆着会发现自已厌烦自己，或者怕会失去自我？但是有了这次偿试，他便要开始探险了。他就要发射到自已内心的宇宙之中。他的所见所感对他来说将会是全新的，一度会新颖的让人惊奇。The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life The other day an acquaintance of mine, a gregarious and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the empty time looking at things in solitary bliss. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. 独自生活的报偿 前些日子，我的一个熟人，一位热爱交际并很受欢迎的男士告诉我，他在纽约的两个约会之间偶然有一两个小时的空闲，他便去了惠特尼博物馆，四处浏览着展品，无比幸福的度过了那些时光。发现自已独自一人，也能如此的幸福，他感觉像坠入爱河那般震惊。专八模拟试题（翻译篇10）来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。 参考译文 :Like students from other Asian countries and regions, most Chinese students who e to pursue further education in the United States work on their studies most diligently and assiduously. Even on weekends, they would frequently spend one day, or even two days, to work overtime in their laboratories. Therefore, pared with their American counterparts, they are more academically fruitful. My supervisor (advisor / tutor) is of Asian origin who is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp (an irritable) temper. Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into the psychology of Asian students. Hence, of all the students recruited by his laboratory, except for one German, the rest five were all from Asia.He even put a striking notice on the door of his lab, which read, All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10 AM to 12 PM. Nothing but work during the working hours. This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness. In the course of the 3 and half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed on until they graduated with their Ph.D. degrees. In the summer of 1990, ignoring the remonstrations (admonishments / dissuasions) from others, I accepted my supervisors sponsorship and embarked on the difficult journey of academic pursuit (undertaking further studies in the United States). 英语写作精讲精练：一个公式三个原则一个公式我们都知道英语与汉语在表达顺序上存在很大的差异，因此，这里我们先引出一个英语表达顺序的公式来。请记住：英语的表达语序基本上遵循以下这个顺序：6-1-2-3-4-5-66(when)1(who)2(what)3(whom)4(how)5(where)6(when)说明：6的位置很灵活，可以放前，也可以放后。示例：I ate an apple.I ate an apple with a fork.I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen.I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen this morning.以上四个句子从1-2-3模式一直到1-2-3-4-5-6模式，请大家逐个翻译一下，仔细对比英语顺序与汉语顺序的差异。结论：英语和汉语在表达的最核心内容上是一致的：即一个句子的1-2-3是相同的；但是，在有了4-5-6后，汉语表达方式与英语这个自然表达顺序产生了巨大的词序差异：汉语次信息先出现；英语主信息先出现再如：我喜欢那个女孩子我喜欢那个穿红衣服的女孩子我喜欢那个穿红衣服的不喜欢我的女孩子这三个句子的核心内容都是：I like that girl.(与：“我喜欢那个女孩子”词序一致，但是，在添加了其它部分后，表达顺序全变样了！)再如：我打死一只苍蝇我用手打死一只苍蝇我用手打了三次打死一只苍蝇我用手打了三次并在我助理的帮助下打死了一只苍蝇这四个句子的核心内容都是：I killed a fly.(与“我打死一只苍蝇”词序一致，但是，在添加了其它部分后，表达顺序全变样了！)逗号原则在一个句子的前面如果有内容，那么，请记住：1.不到3个单词时，可以用逗号与后面句子分隔开来，也可以不用逗号分隔，具体情况根据说话人自己确定的停顿语气长短来确定。示例1：At last he stopped playing the piano.示例2：Sadly he picked up the broken glass and went into the room.2.达到或超过3个单词时，必须用逗号与后面句子分隔开来。示例1：In the end, I could not bear it.示例2：To my surprise, he bought me a ticket!1个句子1个main verb(即：2)原则理论上讲：一个句子只应该有一个为主的动词(即2)。但是，实际运用的过程中，我们会发现一个句子中有多个动词，此时就需要：标记清楚这些动词彼此间的逻辑关系！这里的逻辑关系有两种情况：1.并列(即：将这些动词视为地位相同；一般方式为使用and连接)2.从属(即：牺牲某个或某些动词，将其处理成符合从属关系的方式，从而确保为主的动词；一般方式为使用动词三大非谓语形式：动词的ing形式、动词的过去分词形式、动词的不定式形式)1.并列关系示例示例1：I sat down beside her said nothing.分析：sat与said之间没有标记逻辑关系，错误！可以添加and，形成并列关系，即：I sat down beside her and said nothing.示例2：I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me e back.分析：这里有5个动词，都没有标记逻辑关系，错误！通过分析，我们看到：entered和saw可以并列，因为它们拥有共同的1(I)；sit和wait可以并列，因为它们拥有共同的1(mother)，但这两组动词之间就不能再并列了，因为无法这么做。这就意味着：这句话里的动词有的可以并列，而有的不可以。示例3：I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes. 分析：opened，took out，sat down，started这四个动词拥有共同的1(I)，而且都是1直接行使或发出的动作，所以，可以采取并列关系但take因为有个过渡层，因此并列处理不合适。2.从属关系示例示例1：I sat down beside her said nothing.分析：动词关系混乱，假如想确保said，则需要牺牲后面，如：I sat down beside her, saying nothing.假如确保后面，则牺牲前面：Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.示例2：To quit smoking, I eat candies.一个句子一个句号原则理论上讲，一个句子一个句号，但是，实际中会有几个甚至多个句子摆放在一起共享一个句号。此时应该怎么办呢？答案很简单：标记清楚这些句子间的逻辑关系。有两种：1.并列关系示例示例1：I sat down beside her. I said nothing.变为：I sat down beside her and I said nothing.示例2：He asked me a question. I answered him.变为：He asked me a question and I answered him.2.从属关系1)运用各类从句，形成主从符合句，包括：状语从句宾语从句定语从句主语从句同位语从句2)运用非谓语动词类进行从属方式的处理，包括：动词的ing形式动词的过去分词形式动词不定式形式从属关系示例(以状语从句为例)示例1：When he asked me a question, I answered him.示例2：I was so angry that I beat him up!示例3：If you ask me why, I will answer because!示例4：Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.示例5：Although I have tried my best, I cant win her heart. 示例6：Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.示例7：I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic. 非谓语动词方式处理示例示例1：I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.可变为：Sitting beside her, I felt very nervous.或者：I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.示例2：I want to quit smoking. I eat candies. 可变为：To quit smoking, I eat candies.示例3：A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.可以变为：Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.示例4：Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was acpanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo. 可以变为：Dressed up as Father Christmas and acpanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.定语从句方式处理定语从句当然是属于“从属”的行列，所以，是处理为从属方式的手段之一。请看下面的例子：This is the only book.I read the book during the holiday. 两句的重合点在the book上面；将第二句中的the book抽出来，放到第一句book后面，其它内容向后甩。这样，我们就会看到the only book后面马上又在重复the book。为了避免重复，我们去掉the book，而换用另外一个词去替换，这个词就是指物的which或that。因为这里的book有only在修饰，所以，最终我们选用that；又因为that在定语从句中作宾语，所以，可以省略。下面两句的合并遵循同样的原则：She is the girl.The girls father is my boss. She is the girl whose father is my boss.几个句型：, but句型(表转折关系), for句型(表原因关系), so句型(表结果关系)(,/;/.) however,句型(表更强烈的转折关系)(,/;/.) therefore,句型(更强烈的结果关系)(,/;/.) meanwhile,句型(表时间关系)(,/;/.) consequently,句型(表结果关系)(,/;/.) admittedly,句型(表让步关系)这些基本知识构成了：1)简单句扩展到复杂句2)复杂句拆分为简单句由“分到合”，由“合到分”的“基石”。 A.accept - v. to agree to receive接受 accident - n. something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event事故 accuse - v. to say a person is responsible for an act or crime; to make a statementagainst someone指责 activist - n. one who seeks change through action 激进分子 administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually headed by apresident or prime minister政府 admit - v. to accept (admitted to the United Nations); to express ones guilt orresponsibility (He admitted that what he did was wrong.)承认 adult - n. a grown person成人 advise - v. to help with ination, knowledge or ideas in making a decision建议 affect - v. to produce an effect on; to influence (A lack of sleep affected the singersperance.)影响 agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group (an agency of the UnitedNations)机构 aggression - n. an attack against a person or country; the violation of a countrysborders侵略 agriculture - n. farming农业 air force - n. a military organization using airplanes 空军 album - n. a collection of recorded music 歌集 alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug or inindustrial products酒精 ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose 联合体 ambassador - n. a nations highest diplomatic representative (to anothergovernment)大使 amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)修正 ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns弹药 anarchy - n. a lack of order; lawlessness无政府状态 ancestor - n. a family member from the past祖先 ancient - ad. very old; long ago远古的 anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in thepast 周年 announce - v. to make known publicly; to declare officially宣布 apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one acceptsresponsibility致歉 appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call onsomebody for help上诉；呼吁 appear - v. to show oneself; to e into sight; to seem出现 appoint - v. to name; to choose (appoint a judge)任命 approve - v. to agree with; to agree to support赞成 archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities 考古学 argue - v. to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree争论 arms - n. military equipment; weapons兵器 arrest - v. to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner逮捕 artillery - n. big guns炮 assist - v. to help帮助 astronaut - n. a person who travels in space宇航员 astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe天文学 asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person from anothercountry政治庇护 atmosphere - n. the gases surrounding any star or pla大气层 attach - v. to tie together; to connect系上；连接 attack - n. a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start a fight袭击 attempt - v. to work toward something; to try; to make an effort尝试 attend - v. to be present at出席 automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car汽车 average - n. something (a number) representing the middle; ad. mon; normal平均，平常avoid - v. to stay away from避免 award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service奖励 Bbalance - v. to make two sides or forces equal 平衡 balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighterthan air 气球 ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting 选票 ban - v. to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction 禁止 bar - v. to prevent or block禁止，阻碍 barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult 障碍 base - n. a military center 军营; v. to establish as a fact 基于 (Her research was based onexperiments.) battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces战斗 beat - v. to hit again and again击打 betray - v. to turn against; to be false to 背叛 bill - n. a legislative proposal议案 biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all their s生物学 blame - v. to accuse; to hold responsible责备 block - v. to stop something from being done; to prevent movement堵塞，阻碍 bomb - n. a device that explodes with great force 炸弹; v. to attack or destroy withbombs 炸弹袭击 border - n. a dividing line between nations 边界 boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with联合抵制 brief - ad. short; not long简短的 broadcast - v. to send ination, stories or music by radio or television; n. a radioor television program广播 brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee 褐色的 budget - n. a spending plan预算 bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun 子弹 burst - v. to break open suddenly爆裂 business - n. ones work; buying and selling to earn money; trade工作，商业 Ccabi - n. a group of ministers that helps lead a government 内阁 camp - n. a place with temporary housing露营 campaign - n. a petition by opposing political candidates seeking support fromvoters; a connected series of military actions during a war活动 cancel - v. to end; to stop取消 cancer - n. a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of thebody癌症 candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor 候选人 capitalism - n. an economic system in which the production of most goods andservices is owned and operated for profit by private citizens or panies 资本主义 capture - v. to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; to getcontrol of 捕获 case (court) - n. a legal action案例 case (medical) - n. an incident of disease (There was only one case of chicken poxat the school.)病例 cause - v. to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result导致 ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement停火协议 celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities庆祝 ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition仪式 chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group主席 champion - n. the best; the winner冠军 charge - v. to accuse someone of something, usually a crime 控诉; n. a statement inwhich someone is accused of something 指控 chase - v. to run or go after someone or something追逐 cheer - v. to shout approval or praise欢呼 chemicals - n. elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in thescience of chemistry化学物质 chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how theyact under different conditions, and how they other substances1. chief - n. the head or leader of a group 首领; ad. leading; most important 主要的 civilian - ad. not military 平民 civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people ofa nation 公民权力 claim - v. to say something as a fact 声明 clash - n. a battle 冲突; v. to fight or oppose 发生冲突 clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization神职人员 climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a place气候 coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel煤 coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together联盟 coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean海岸 colony - n. land controlled by another country or government殖民地 bine - v. to mix or bring together联合，结合 mand - v. to order; to have power over something命令 ment - v. to say something about; to express an opinion about something评论 mittee - n. a group of people given special work委员会 municate - v. to tell; to give or exchange ination交流，通信 munity - n. a group of people living together in one place or area社区 pare - v. to examine what is different or similar对比 pete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others竞争 plex - ad. of or having many parts that are difficult to understand; not simple 复杂的 promise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to acceptless than first demanded折衷 concern - n. interest, worry (express concern about) ; v. to fear (to beconcerned) 关注，关心 condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad 遣责 condition - n. something declared necessary to plete an agreement 条件; a personshealth 身体状况 conference - n. a meeting 会议 confirm - v. to approve; to say that something is true 确定 conflict - n. a fight; a battle, especially a long one冲突 congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck 祝贺 Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws of the UnitedStates (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar organization inother countries议会 conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change保守派 constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that a nations system ofgovernment 宪法 contain - v. to hold; to include包容 container - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something 容器 continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world大陆 control - v. to direct; to have power over控制 convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose大会 cooperate - v. to act or work together合作 court - n. where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law法院 crash - v. to fall violently; to hit with great force碰撞，坠毁 create - v. to make; to give life or to创造 creature - n. any living being; any animal or human生物 credit - n. an agreement that payments will be made at a later time信用 crew - n. a group of people working together全体人员 crime - n. an act that violates a law罪行 criminal - n. a person who is responsible for a crime罪犯 crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may bee much better orworse; a dangerous situation危机 criticize - v. to say what is wrong with something or someone; to condemn; tojudge批评 crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place人群 crush - v. to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat pletely压碎 curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses戒严 current - n. movement of air, water or electricity 水流，电流; ad. belonging to the present time 目前的 (She found the report in a current publication.) custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people习惯，风俗 customs - n. taxes on imports入关税 Ddam - n. a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water 大坝 damage - v. to cause injury or destruction 摧毁; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to things 毁坏 deaf - ad. not able to hear聋的 debate - v. to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or argument争论 debt - n. something that is owed; the condition of owing债务 declare - v. to say; to make a statement声明 decrease - v. to make