英汉对比翻译.doc

LECTURE 1Part 1 Native Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation? 外语学习中的母语迁移：干扰还是促进？There are two types of transfer: Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer. Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. The causes of Interference in Negative Transfer: analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯Examples of Negative Transfer: Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. The writer likes writing at light (night). Morphological transfer（词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. He only eat two meal a day. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of population, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population.Syntactical transfer (句型迁移)The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of suggest, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. He suggested me to accept this offer.Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. - Your English is wonderful.- No, no. My English is still poor.Part TwoA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese 英汉语对比研究Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese: Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lionmoving point of sightbamboo-like sentence structure with different sections linked and yet separated（竹式结构）Topic-Comment Sentence StructureOrder of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹） （语序相对固定）English: Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock fixed point of sighttree-like sentence structure with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line.（树式结构）Subject-Predicate Sentence StructureOrder of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）Example:Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.例：从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）tree-like sentence structure with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line.Eg: As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. English 英语Chinese 汉语Form-focused 形态型Meaning-focused 语义型Right-extending 孔雀型Left-extending 狮子型 Sight-moving 视点流动Sight-fixed 视点固定 Tree-like 树型结构Bamboo-like 竹型结构Subject-prominent 主语突出Topic-prominent 主题突出 Order-flexible 语序相对灵活 Order-fixed 语序相对固定 English 英语Chinese 汉语Impersonal 物称Personal 人称Passive 被动Active 主动Static 静态Dynamic 动态Complex 繁复Simple 简单Abstract 抽象Concrete 具体Hypotactic 形合Paratactic 意合Plain and factual 平实Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律LECTURE 21、英语的主谓提挈机制-6个基本句型句型1： S (主语) V(谓语)Eg: Li Ming works very hard.句型2：S (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)Eg: This kind of food tastes delicious.句型3：S (主语) V (谓语) O (宾语)Eg: He took his bag and left.句型4：S (主语)V (谓语) Indirect objectDirect object Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.句型5：S (主语)V (动词)O (宾语)C (补语)You should keep the room clean and tidy.句型6：There be + S+ elseThere are two girls and a boy running on the playground.2、汉语的“话题”及界定（主语后+是不是）3、汉英翻译中的主语转换问题 对应 Equivalence苏轼是位才华横溢的文学家。Su Shi was a writer with superb talent. 转换 Shift词类转换式主语转移我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外国学习。In natural sciences, we are rather backward and here, we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries.推导式主语转移我的法语看报很吃力，你呢？I cant read newspaper in French without difficulty, how about you?反逆式主语转移一胎生了三个女儿。Three daughters were born at one birth. 补充 Supplement话题式主语句今天他要去看病。He is going to see the doctor today.零位主语句隐含主语句The show begins now.坐享其成3、推导主语的规范：原句的动词常常是我们展开推导的出发点和根据。一般说来，它可以给我们提供准确的、边切的推导线索，推导出与之搭配的施动者。原句的总体意义是我们展开推导的最重要的依据，特别是在汉语原句中没有谓语动词时，全局的总体意义就是最重要的根据。推出补加主语时，常常必须把握住原语材料的关涉对象，即文章为谁而写、议论为谁而发、内容牵涉到谁，等等。主语转移的一般规范：l 必须紧扣原意，只要不违背全句的总体意义，选择可灵活变通，不拘一格.l 必须密切顾及英语的习惯表达法。l 必须同时顾及便于英语句子的成形，也就是说必须顺应英语SV提挈机制的决定性作用。l 必须充分注意到不同的主语选择可能带来的意义差别，特别是强调意义的差别。LECTURE 31、在英译汉时，要注意有些名词的单、复数具有不同的含义。air 空气 airs 装腔作势 custom 习惯 customs 习惯；关税 cloths 布料 clothes 衣服 quarter 一刻钟； quarters 住处；营房damage 损害 damages 损害赔偿金 regard 尊敬；注意 regards 问候；致意 ash 灰 ashes 骨灰 effect 效果 effects 财物；动产 colour 色 colours 军旗；水彩 force 力量 forces 军队 manner 方法 manners 品行 advice 忠告 advices 通知；消息economy 节约 economies 节约措施，经济制度 generalization 一般化 generalizations 见解；论断 letter 字母；信 letters 文学：证书 minute 分钟 minutes 会议记录 spectacle 场面；光景 spectacles 眼镜 time 时间 times 时代 work 工作 works 著作；工厂 part 部分，作用 parts 才能：零件；器官 promise 希望，诺言 promises 诺言 quarter 四分之一 quarters 住处 return 归还；再现 returns 利润：位计表ruin 毁灭 ruins 废墟，遗迹reparation 赔偿 reparations (战败国)赔款 experience 经验 experiences 经历 blue 蓝 the blues 忧郁 ground 地；场地 grounds 理由；庭园2、英汉名词的翻译原则Principle of Amplification 增词原则Therere canteens around the campus.校园里有些小卖部。Principle of Omission 省略原则清冷的夜空繁星密布。Stars crowded in the chilly clear sky.LECTURE 41、及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)有些动词英语是及物的，汉语却是不及物的有些动词英语是不及物的，汉语却是及物的 英语有些及物动词变成不及物动词时，意义要起变化 英语及物动词一般都要带宾语，汉语在一定上下文中却可以省略2、汉语的连动式和兼语式(1)汉语连动式的特点是：两个或两个以上的动词，与同一主语发生主谓关系。 他穿上衣服出去了。(表示动作的连续)英语没有汉语这样的连动式，但也可以用下面的方法翻译。表示先后关系的连动式通常将几个动词都译成谓语动词，按原文的先后次序，用and加以连接，或用分词结构来译。如：他打开抽屉拿出词典来。He opened the drawer and took out a dictionary.表示“手段、目的”关系的连动式，在英译时，通常把前一个动词，即表示手段的词译作谓语，而后一个动词(即表示目的的词)用不定式译作目的状语。 他到老师那儿请假。 He went to the teacher to ask for leave有些连动式，前一个动作表示后一个动作的方式、状态，两者形成主从关系。在英译时，通常把后一个动作用限定动词译成谓语，前一个动作译成分词或介词短语。如： 不久，他捧着那本书回来了。 Very soon，he came back，holding that book in hand.(2) 汉语兼语式的特点：谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语，又是后一动词的主语，前后两个动词不共一个主语。把兼语式的第二动词转化为英语的宾语补足语。 医生劝他好好休息。 The doctor advised him to take a good rest英语中有大量的含有“致使”、“促成”意义的动词，有时为了句子简练有力往往利用这类动词来翻译。 这真叫我吃惊! It surprised me!也可按照上下文和英语习惯灵活翻译. 指挥官表扬他有勇气。 The commander praised him for his courageLECTURE 51、形副同形与形容词同形的副词，有的是加-ly的副词，意义上没有什么变化，只有语体上的区别。在口语及俗语中，通常使用不加-ly的副词。Drive slow 不要开快车。Come quick 快点来。但有的与形容词同形的副词，有无-ly，意思却不同。He was famous even then 即使在那时他已有名气了。She spread the butter evenly on the bread她把奶油均匀地涂在面包上。有些形容词与副词同形，但有不同的句法功能和意义。 We had an early breakfast 我们吃了早餐。We had breakfast early我们早就吃了早餐。2、状语出现的公式 英语中如果有几个状语出现，一般是较短的在较长的之前，方式状语在地点状语之前，地点状语在时间状语之前。翻译时，要按照英汉语习惯调整如下： 英语：主+谓+宾+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语 汉语：主+时间状语+地点状语+方式状语+谓语We study English hard in the classroom every day我们天天在教室里认真学习英语。She reads aloud in the open every morning她每天早晨在室外高声朗读。3、两个时间、地点状语如果句中有两个或两个以上的时间或地点状语，通常是较小在前，较大在后译成汉语时，较大在前，较小在后，词序恰恰相反22(nd)March 1984一九八四年三月二十二日LECTURE 61、常见的感叹词及使用场合 Oh(o)表示惊奇、恐惧、痛苦、懊恼、高兴等 Ah表示惊奇、恐惧、高兴、痛苦、恳求、松一口气等 Well表示惊奇、满意等 dear me表示惊讶等 Why表示惊奇和换口气等。2、拟声词的翻译the cooing of a dove 鸽子的咕咕叫the clang of a bell 铃儿的铿锵声the crack of a whip 鞭子的劈啪声 the clatter of dishes 碟子的咔嗒声the jingling of bells 铃儿响叮当the clangour of the gong 锣的锵锵声 the jangling of the bicycle 单车叮呤叮呤声the rataplan of the drum 鼓的咚咚声the roll of the thunder 雷的隆隆声the roar of the storm 暴风雨的咆哮the shrieking of the siren 汽笛的尖叫the swish of the waves 波浪的汩汩声the tinkling of the bells 清脆的铃儿叮铛声the whisper of a breeze 风的沙沙声LECTURE 71、介词的错误用法中国学生在使用介词时，典型错误大约有下面几点： 受汉语的影响： 你必须面对现实。You must face to reality(错) 分不清及物与不及物： 他坚持要送我回家。 He insisted seeing me home(错)应为：He insisted on seeing me home 对词义理解错了：我曾听人说起他，但是我并不认识他。 I have heard him，but I dont know him(错) 应为：I have heard of him，but I dont know him 误用介词：他努力学习，因此学业上取得很大进步。 He studied hardWith a result，he made great progress in his studies(错) 句中“with a result”应改为“as a result”。LECTURE 81、几个常见英语连词的用法与翻译： 英汉连词都是用来连接词、短语和句子的。根据连词本身含义及其连接成分的性质，可以分为两大类，一类叫等立连词(co-ordinate conjunction)，一类叫从属连词(subordinate conjunction)等立连词所连接的部分彼此是并列关系。v and(和) or(或)v but(但是) for(因为)v not onlybut also(不仅 而且)v neither nor(既不也不)v if(是否)that(引导名词性从句，无词汇意义)v whether(是否)用来引导状语从句的有：v when(在时候)though(虽然)if(假如)，v because(因为)so that(因此)等2、翻译(一)英译汉：I help him and he helps me.我帮助他，他帮助我。 Study hard and make progress every day 努力学习，天天向上。 Work hard and you will pass the examination你用功就会考试及格。Buy and sell books 买书卖书。 I wont go ifyouare not going你不去，我也不去。 Whenever he is free，he will come and see me他一有空就来看我。(二)汉译英： 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as the green mountains are there，one should not worry about firewood饮水思源。When one drinks water, one mu