英汉翻译—考研英语笔记(繁).doc

人人免费考研社区 對考研最有幫助的目前最全面的英漢翻譯筆記第一部分：數詞的譯法一、數字增減的譯法：1.句式特徵：by名詞比較級thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導線比那根長3英寸。2.句式特徵：表示增減意義的動詞to+n.譯為：增加到。或減少到。Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機已經減少到50台。二、百分數增減的標記法與譯法1.句式特徵：表示增減意義的動詞The output value has increased 35%.產值增加了352.句式特徵：表示增減意義的動詞byRetail salses should rise by 8%商品零售額應增加3The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少603.句式特徵：表示減少意義的動詞to+%表示減少後剩餘的數量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.採用這種新工藝，鐵的損失量減少到204.句式特徵： 比較級 than表示淨增減的數量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比，有望增加9。5.句式特徵： 比較級 名詞表示淨減數The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型機械能耗量淨減106.句式特徵：a + % + increase表示淨增數There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比，今年鋼產量淨增207.句式特徵：+ (of) 名詞（代詞）表示淨減數，數字n照譯The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產值僅為去年的608.句式特徵：%up on 或over表示淨增數The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產量比1978年淨增20。第二部分 倍數增加的標記法及譯法漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時，英語的倍數表示倍數需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示淨增加數。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”，則照譯不誤。1.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞n times“表示成倍地增長，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）2.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times，該句式與上述相同3.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞to n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“4.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞by a factor of n times5.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞比較級by a factor of n times表示增加以後達到的倍數，譯成”比。大（長、寬。）N-1倍“6.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times比較級than。7.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times +adj./adv. +as.8.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞a n times(或n-fold) increase.表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N1倍“9.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞as + adj./adv.+ again as.譯成”比。大（長、寬。倍）“例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長1倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這台機器轉動比那台機器快半倍。10.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞half as + adj./adv.+ again as.譯成”比。大（長、寬。半倍）“11. 句式特點：用double表示倍數，譯成”等於.的2倍“或”增加了1倍“12.句式特點：用treble表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“13.句式特點：用quadruple表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“第二部分 倍數增加的標記法及譯法漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時，英語的倍數表示倍數需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示淨增加數。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”，則照譯不誤。1.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞n times“表示成倍地增長，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）2.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times，該句式與上述相同3.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞to n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“4.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞by a factor of n times5.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞比較級by a factor of n times表示增加以後達到的倍數，譯成”比。大（長、寬。）N-1倍“6.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times比較級than。7.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞 n times +adj./adv. +as.8.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞a n times(或n-fold) increase.表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N1倍“9.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞as + adj./adv.+ again as.譯成”比。大（長、寬。倍）“例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長1倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這台機器轉動比那台機器快半倍。10.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞half as + adj./adv.+ again as.譯成”比。大（長、寬。半倍）“11. 句式特點：用double表示倍數，譯成”等於.的2倍“或”增加了1倍“12.句式特點：用treble表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“13.句式特點：用quadruple表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“英語倍數句型及其譯法英語表示倍數增減或倍數對比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯其主要原因在於：英漢兩語在 表述或對比倍數方面存在著語言與思維差異。現將常 用的英語倍數句型及其正確譯法歸納如下： 倍數增加 (一) A is n times as great（long，much，）as B.（） A is n times greater （longer， more，）than B.（） A is n times the size （length， amount，）of B.() 以上三句都應譯為；A的大小（長度，數量，）是B的n倍或A比B大（長，多，）n-1倍. Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長兩倍）。 注：當相比的物件B很明顯時，than（as，of）B常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（） increase n timesn-fold（） increase by n times（） increase by a factor of n（） 以上四式均應譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 積體電路的產量比去年增加了兩倍。 Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986 化肥產量比1986年增加了4倍。 Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來的4倍）。 注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。 （三）There is a n-fold increase/growth（） 應譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個句型還有其它一些形式： Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 據報導,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。() Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled 這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數詞來比較倍數的方法，如： A is as much （large，long，）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，）as B.（） 應譯為：A比B多（大，長，）1倍。 A is half as much （large， 1ong，)again as B. 【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，）as B.】（11） 應譯為:A比B多（大，長）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍數減少 （一）A is n times as small （light，slow，）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，) than B.（13） 以上兩句均應譯為：A的大小（重量，速度，）是B的1/n或A比B小（輕，慢，）（n-1）/n。 Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。 Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。 注：當相比的物件B很明顯時，than/as B常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n-fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n或：減少(n-1)/n。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， goslow down等詞替代。 Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型電晶體的開關時間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。 Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 電壓升高9倍，電流強度便降低9/10（即90）。 Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 該設備誤差概率降低了4/5。 （三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction 應譯為：減至1/n 或：減少（n一1）/n。（17） 這個句型還有其它一些形式， Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 發現迅速減少到1/7。 Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 這些產品的主要優點是重量減輕了1/2。 從上列倍數增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語不 同的是，英語在表述或比較倍數時，無論使用什麼句 型（除了不含倍數詞的again句型外）都包括基礎倍 數在內，因此都不是淨增或淨減n倍，而是淨增或 淨減n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍數增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍數比差句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times應譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。英語倍數句型及其譯法英語表示倍數增減或倍數對比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯其主要原因在於：英漢兩語在 表述或對比倍數方面存在著語言與思維差異。現將常 用的英語倍數句型及其正確譯法歸納如下： 倍數增加 (一) A is n times as great（long，much，）as B.（） A is n times greater （longer， more，）than B.（） A is n times the size （length， amount，）of B.() 以上三句都應譯為；A的大小（長度，數量，）是B的n倍或A比B大（長，多，）n-1倍. Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長兩倍）。 注：當相比的物件B很明顯時，than（as，of）B常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（） increase n timesn-fold（） increase by n times（） increase by a factor of n（） 以上四式均應譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 積體電路的產量比去年增加了兩倍。 Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986 化肥產量比1986年增加了4倍。 Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來的4倍）。 注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。 （三）There is a n-fold increase/growth（） 應譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個句型還有其它一些形式： Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 據報導,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。() Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled 這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數詞來比較倍數的方法，如： A is as much （large，long，）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，）as B.（） 應譯為：A比B多（大，長，）1倍。 A is half as much （large， 1ong，)again as B. 【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，）as B.】（11） 應譯為:A比B多（大，長）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍數減少 （一）A is n times as small （light，slow，）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，) than B.（13） 以上兩句均應譯為：A的大小（重量，速度，）是B的1/n或A比B小（輕，慢，）（n-1）/n。 Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。 Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。 注：當相比的物件B很明顯時，than/as B常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n-fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n或：減少(n-1)/n。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， goslow down等詞替代。 Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型電晶體的開關時間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。 Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 電壓升高9倍，電流強度便降低9/10（即90）。 Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 該設備誤差概率降低了4/5。 （三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction 應譯為：減至1/n 或：減少（n一1）/n。（17） 這個句型還有其它一些形式， Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 發現迅速減少到1/7。 Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 這些產品的主要優點是重量減輕了1/2。 從上列倍數增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語不 同的是，英語在表述或比較倍數時，無論使用什麼句 型（除了不含倍數詞的again句型外）都包括基礎倍 數在內，因此都不是淨增或淨減n倍，而是淨增或 淨減n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍數增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍數比差句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times應譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。第四部分 動詞的使動用法動詞是英語中詞類中最為活躍的成分，至今對於動詞的使用我一直是膽戰心驚的，現介紹一些使動用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風暴其實，研究動詞個人認為，要把握後面有無賓語；賓語是人還是物；是什麼樣的賓語。歡迎網友探討，動詞的學習研討方法。第五部分 同系賓語1. I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時，通常可換成態度副詞。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence二、有的賓語與動詞不同語源，但意義相通，也可以視為同類。run a race; run a course; run ones career; fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;ring a peal; wreak ones vengeance三、以it構成的類型：I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮鬥到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡迴演出。We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。Cant you swim it?你遊不過去嗎？四、在某些熟語中可將同系賓語省略，如look thanks = look a look of thanksHe looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現出言語無法表達的感謝。She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我，走出了房間。五、最高級形容詞後，可以省略同系賓語。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song) to please him.第六部分 一組片語1.all抽象名詞/抽象名詞itself very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他對她非常溫存。To his superiors, he is humility itself。對於長輩，他極為謙遜。分析：該結構原來是表示某種性質達到極點的一種說法，有“非常”、“儘管”、“一味”、“盡”的含義，有時甚至可以譯為“。的化身”、“。的具體化”。普通複數名詞用於“all”之後，也是表達這種概念。He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯著看。I am all anxiety.我真擔心。He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofMr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學家風範。Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無音樂家的風味。Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩人氣派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無學者風度。分析：此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語，有時可以當作副詞翻譯。Something of to some extent（某程度），在問句和條件句中則用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of譯作“全無、毫無”。相類似的情況：to be something of = to have something of + 名詞in 代名詞He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無演說家的才能。這類名詞的用法，可以處理為副詞。He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。Something of 與something like區別：程度上有差異。something like something approximateing in character or amount指數量或性質略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄。3.as.as 的三種用法;（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一樣和藹。（2）He is as kind as honest.他既誠實又和藹。（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹誠實，而他和藹。句式1表示兩個不同的人相同的性質；句式2表示同一個人不同的性質；句式3表示兩個人的不同性質。該句式中第一個as為之時副詞，第二個as為連詞。所以，第一個as後面為adj./adv.，而第二個as後面為從句。4.as.as any / as .as everHe is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as.as.can beIt is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不過了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.這些男孩許多都是精力充沛無以復加的。6.as., so.As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.憂能傷人，猶如鏽之蝕鐵。SO相當於in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦複如此)。為加強語氣，也可以在as前面加上just一詞。As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能試金，逆境可以試人的勇氣。As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身體要靠食物營養一樣，國家要靠工業營養。7.It is in (or with).as in (or with).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.讀書和吃飯一樣，得到利益的是那些實際在吃的人，而不是旁觀的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身體都必須有好的食物來營養。8.as good as / as well as It is as goos as done.這就和做好了一樣。It is broad as well as long.那既長且寬。as good as 有兩個含義：（1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等於；同樣； 幾如； 不欠缺He was as good as his word.他不爽約。（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect實際上；其實；實在；在各要點上He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行屍走肉；名存實亡as well as 有四個含義：（1）no less than; equally with等於；不下於；亦；一樣好I have understanding as well as you.（2）both.and.;one equally with the other“與”、“兩者皆”Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.適度勞動對身體給予快感，又有益衛生。（3）與not only.but also有連帶關係He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.（4）可以代替better than As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.竊鉤如竊國，與其盜小羊。9.As it is 其含義為：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相當於：實際上；就實際情況而言；根據（現在）情況看；就現在這個樣子等等。它用來指事物的單數；即指前面的單數名詞。如果指事物的複數，則用“As they are”。如果用來指人時，則為as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的過去式為as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中間。（1）用於句首，注意前後時態與該結構保持一致As it is, we can not help him.As it was, we could not help him.（2）用於句末Lets keep it as it is.You mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能這樣去參加舞會。有時it可以省略為“as is ”，意即：照現在的樣子，常指“不再修理或改進”等情況。He has an old radio as is.他有一台沒有修理過的舊收音機。Ill sell it to you as is, but dont complain if it doesnt work.（3）句中時，用逗號把它從前後隔開A.虛擬語氣句式but as it is / was，該結構意為：其實；事實上I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.B.過去分詞as it is，表示強調前面的過去分詞Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.C.現在分詞 as it does(did)。意為：因為這樣，（實際）所以.Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.幾個類似的結構：A. as it stands 根據目前情況來看As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.B. such as it is不怎麼樣，品質不過如此The room, such as it is, is very bright.C. as it were as if it were so.屬虛擬語氣，用於插入語。不可以與as it is 混淆He is , as it were, a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart.10.have + the + 抽象名詞 不定式I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸運獲得了成功。have = possess原來指肉體和精神上的特徵，現作為一種天賦而具有的。She had the cheek ( = impudence) to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say such a thing.她厚顏無恥地說出這樣的話。How can you have the heart ( = hard-heartness) to drown such darling little kittens?你何忍心把如此可愛的小貓淹死？11.名詞of +a +名詞It was a great moutain of a wave.波浪如山高。That fool of a Tom did it. 這是湯姆那個笨蛋做的。That old cripple of a Henn.那個年老的殘廢者亨。It would make the deuce of a scandal.這會弄得聲名狼藉的。of前後的名詞指同一人或物體。其中的“名詞of”後出現的名詞前面，必須有一個不定詞，即使是固有名詞，該冠詞也不可省略。a devil of a man = a devish mana rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow12. in +人They have an enemy in him.他才是他們的敵人。分析：in = in the person of （在那人身上），表示一個人身上具有的性質、資格、能力等。原來是由於形狀（與形狀有關的in，如：in a circle; in print; in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等）所轉來的，而有“即.是也”、“就是”的含義。這種in多出現在find, see, behold, lose等動詞後面。He had something of the hero in him.China lost a great artist in (the death of ) Chi Paishi.13.short of / be short of / nothing short ofshort=except，是副詞的用法。在前面可以使用的動詞有：come, fall, run等，表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思，其中“of”做“from”解釋。至於be short of 與nothing short of 中的“short of”則為形容詞。be short of 表示“不足”或“離開”；nothing short of表示“完全”。1）Short of theft, I will do anything I can for you.2)We are short of hands at present.3)His conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行為簡直發了狂。14.anything but / nothing but / all but在英文中anything butnever;意即“除此之外，別的都是”，是表示強調的否定；nothing but=only; 意即“除此之外，別的都不是”；all but=almost; nearly三種用法中，but都有“except”含義15.much more / much lessHe likes a child, much more a baby.他喜歡小孩，更加喜歡嬰孩。He doesnt like a child, much less a baby.他步喜歡小孩，更加不喜歡嬰孩。解釋：much more 用於肯定句之後，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改為stillmuch less用於否定句之後，表示程度減少；表示更少，可譯為“何況”、“還論”16.more.than.can“達到不可能的程度”morethan.can簡直不可能He earns more money than he can spend.17.more than + 動詞，譯為“深為， 十二分的”This more than satisfied me.這使我十二分的滿意。More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits.18.less.thanDuring the week he saw less of her than usual.在那一個星期內，他比平常要少見到她。less.than“較少”、“較差”、“不及”、“不如”。該less做形容詞時好翻譯，做副詞解釋時難譯。Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is ones own work.Proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is ones own work.His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演講怎麼也不能使我滿意。He observed with interest the errors of her face and figure, the thin underlip, too heavily penciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny.他感興趣地望著她面孔和身體上的一些缺點，那太薄的下唇，畫的太濃的眉毛和她那瘦弱的雙腿，雖然還沒有達到皮包骨頭的程度。19.the + 比較級理由I like him all the better for his faults