literature review(如何写文献综述).ppt

Criticalreading WritingaLiteratureReview Week72016librarygenesis Outline NecessityofwritingaLRClassificationsofLRMajorcomponentsWritingproceduresWritingprinciplesDifficultiesandsolutionsHomework 1 Whydoweneedreviewingliterature Noresearchiscarriedoutinavacuum Alinkbetweenthepastandthefuture Naturallyleadtoyourproposedstudy Lead inreading 文献综述撰写的原则和方法 张庆宗Whatisaliteraturereview What suseofwritingLR Whatisaliteraturereview Aliteraturereviewisanobjective thoroughsummaryandcriticalanalysisoftherelevantavailableresearchandnon researchliteratureonthetopicbeingstudied Hart 1998 up to dateinformationonatopic formthebasisforthejustificationforfutureresearchinthearea gathersbasicinformationaboutaparticularsubjectfrommanysources limitpersonalbiases CarnwellandDaly 2001 CriteriaofagoodLR GoodstructuringAccurateuseofterminologyAccuratereferencing Colling 2003 Whattoreview TofindoutresearchbackgroundoftheresearchareaToknowabouttheothers contributionTodetectweakpointsinthecurrentresearchToprovidetheframework methodologicalassumptions data collectiontechniques keyconcepts Reviewfocuses Theprevailingandcurrenttheoriesunderlyingtheresearchproblems Themaincontroversiesabouttheissueandabouttheproblem Themajorfindingsinthearea Thestudiesconsideredtobethebetterones andthereason 5 Thetypesofresearchstudieswhichcanprovidethebasisforthecurrenttheoriesandcontroversies 6 Criticismoftheworkinthearea 7 Therationaleandpurposeoftheproposedstudy 2 Classification BackgroundHistoryTheory翻译图式研究综述体验式教学法研究综述Methodology翻译教学与研究的新框架 语料库翻译学综述Comprehensive英语写作中纠错性反馈的有效性与策略 文献综述 Examples ESP的性质 范畴和教学原则 兼谈在我国高校开展多种类型英语教学的可行性近三十年来我国高校英语专业教学回顾与展望秦秀白华南理工大学学报 社会科学版 外语教师教育研究综述刘学惠外语教学与研究 3 MajorelementsinLR 4 Writingprinciples Majorprinciplestofollow Reviewthesourcesthataremostrelevanttoyourthesis Describeorwriteyourreviewasclearandobjectiveasyoucan Tips Definekeytermsorconceptsclearlyandberelevanttoyourtopic Discusstheleast relatedreferencetoyourquestionfirstandthemostrelevantlast Concludeyourreviewwithabriefsummary Startwritingyourreviewearly 5 Difficulties ContentOrganizing ShouldIlistallthedefinitionsofaterm CommonproblemAdozenofdefinitionDmunicationstrategiesandL2speakingabilityCommunication communicationstrategies communicationcompetence Variablestobemeasuredinyourstudyhavetobedefinedconceptually Example RelationshipbetweenmotivationandL2achievementofnon EnglishmajorsEducation OfthechildrenandmiddleschoolstudentsinL1learning OftheadultinL2learning Solution L2motivationinandoutsidetheChinesecontextAdultL2learning WhatshallIdoiftherearenoempiricalstudiestobecommented UseofL1inL2writingNoempiricalstudies Solution UseofL1inL2reading Speaking Examinefromawiderperspectiveandsearchforthemostpertinentstudiestoevaluate Difficultiesinorganizing nologiclinkamongsubheadingsfragmentarypatches notcoherentFunnelapproach漏斗原则fromthegeneraltothespecificfromtheabstracttotheconcreteformthetheoreticaltotheempiricalfromthe longshots tothe close ups fromothers toyourstudy Difficultiesinorganizing 2 Aseriesofempiricalstudiesneedtobedescribedorcommentedon Howtopresentthem commonwaystopresent variablesresearchdesigns cross sectional longitudinaltypesofsubjectsdesignsindata collectionfindingstheoreticalassumptions e g L2proficiency Frequently occurringproblems 1 NodirectrelevanceRelevancyisthefirstandparamountcriterionforjudgingthequalityofareview Howisitrelevanttomystudy 2 NoproperheadingsandclearsignpostProperheadingshelpreadersanticipatethecontentandcapturetheflowofargument Attention Numberingandwording parallelism 23 语体 genre 意识 AcademicEnglishvs ColloquialEnglish 我们对网络经济越来越有兴趣 neteconomy人们对网上购物作了很多研究 onlineshopping 24 我们对网络英语越来越有兴趣 We remoreandmoreinterestedinnetEnglish We vemoreandmoreinterestsinnetEnglish WeareincreasinglyinterestedinnetEnglish TherearegrowinginterestsinnetEnglish NetEnglishhasattractedincreasinginterests IncreasinginterestshaveemergedinnetEnglish GrowinginterestshavebeenfocusedonnetEnglish IncreasinginterestshavebeendirectedtonetEnglish 25 人们对网上购物作了很多研究 We vedonealotofresearchaboutonlineshopping There salotofresearchaboutonlineshopping Thereisconsiderableresearchinvestigatingonlineshopping Muchresearchhasbeendonetoexploreonlineshopping Considerableresearchhasbeenconductedregardingonlineshopping 26 27 FrequentprobleminwritingbyCS 中国学生在学术写作中通常出现的问题 如 AtTsinghua thebestuniversityinChina considerableimportanceisattachedtoimprovingstudents Englishinthatallofthemwillhavethechancetouseitaftertheirgraduation Lackofawarenessofhedging 6 Evaluatingmaterials Beforeyoureadauthorshipandauthority accuracyandverifiabilityLR1vs LR2 LiteratureReview1 Smith 1990 conductedanexperimentonfearandself esteemwith150undergraduates Inthestudyhetestedsubjectself esteemandthenexposedsubjectsoneatatimetoafear inducingsituation Hefoundthatthosewithlowerselfesteemfeltgreaterfear JonesandJones 1982 surveyedelderlyresidents Therespondentswhohadthegreatestindependence self esteem andphysicalhealth hadthelowestdegreeoffearofbeingthevictimofcrime Inastudyofcollegewomen Rosenberg 1979 foundthatthegreaterindependenceonefelt thelessthefearofbeingleftaloneinadarkenedroom DeSallo sstudy 1984 of45collegemalesfoundthatthosewhohadthegreatestself esteemfelttheleastdegreeoffailure Yu 1988 foundthesameforcollegefemales Hong 1980 conductedatelephonesurveyof200welfarerecipientsandfoundnorelationshipbetweenfeelingsofindependenceandfearofcrime LiteratureReview2 Peoplewithgreaterself esteemappeartobelessfearful Laboratorystudieswithcollegestudents DeSallo 1984 Smith 1990 Yu 1988 findastrongnegativerelationshipbetweenself esteemandfear Thesamerelationshipwasfoundinasurveyofelderlypeople JonesandJones 1982 Onlyonestudycontradictedthisfinding Johnson 1985 Thecontradictoryfindingmaybeduetothepopulationused prisoninmates Ingeneral itappearsthatself esteemandfeararenegativelyrelated Self esteemisstronglyrelatedtofeelingsofindependence seeGomez 1977 Zarnoth 1985 andindependencewasfoundtodecreasefeelingsoffearofcrime Jones 1982 Rosenberg 1979 OnlyHong 1980 didnotfindasignificantrelationbetweenindependenceandfearofcrime Itwastheonlystudythatstudiedwelfarerecipients CommentsonLR1andLR2 综述2明显比综述1要好 Why 综述1尽管文字表达比较清晰 流畅 但它仅仅只是将相关文献进行简单地罗列和排序 也没有对这些文献进行评价 综述2有机地整合了相关文献 中心意思明确 文字简洁 主题句 斜体部分 提纲挈领 分别整合了自尊与恐惧 自尊与独立性关系的研究 同时 对文献进行了客观的评价 使读者对所综述的文献有一个直观 清晰的认识 Whenyouread TableofcontentsIndexesPrefaces forewords glossaries andappendicesChaptertitles headings andsubheadingsOrganizationBeginningsandendings Afteryouread Valuerelevanceoverconvenience Questionsforyoutoconsider Howdoesthesourcerelatetoyourthesis Dateandformofthepublications Objectivity Theintendedaudience Credibility Critics Sourcelanguage Informative Reappearingfacts Note taking ThepreliminarybibliographyPBhelpsyoutopinpointsourcesthatprovevaluable VS finalbibliographythatusu appearsattheendofresearchpaper NotebookpaperCardsorslips Informationyouneedtorecord BookNameofauthor editorDateTitleandsubtitleEditionPlaceofpublicationPublisherPagenumbers ArticleNameofauthor editorDateTitleandsubtitleNameofpublicationVolumeofprofessionalorscholarlypublicationPagenumbers Typesofnotes Quotationnote 4reasons lessthan30 ParaphrasenoteSummarynoteCombinationnoteOutlinenotePersonalcommentnote Qualitiesofgoodnotes LegibilityTakenotesoncardsTakenotesininkWriteononlyonesideofacardPutonlyoneideaonacardUsewhateverabbreviationsyoufindconvenientfornotesAccuracyCompleteness Accuracy ReadyourresearchmaterialcarefullyReadpreciselyDistinguishamongfacts inferenceandopinionsUseconventionalmechanicsofspelling capitalization andpunctuation Completeness IdentifythesourceofwhatappearsoneachcardMarkthepagenumbermarkthesubject Homework2 Writingaliteraturereview Literaturereview majorcomponents 前言 Introduction 进行该项研究的意义 或者为什么要开展该项研究或为什么要写这篇文章 主体 国内外研究进展与现状 LiteratureReview 1 在国外 International 都有哪些人或者哪些机构在该领域做了哪些事 开展了哪些方面的研究 他们采用的是什么方法 解决了什么问题 优势在哪 不足又在哪 对于他们存在的不足 你有什么可能的解决方法 2 在国内 China 都有哪些人或者哪些机构在该领域做了哪些事 开展了哪些方面的研究 他们采用的是什么方法 解决了什么问题 优势在哪 不足又在哪 对于他们存在的不足 你有什么可能的解决方法 总结 未来展望 Futurework 对于目前国内外的研究现状 你认为未来可从哪些方面加以深入研究 43 可编辑 7 StepsforWritingaLitReview PlanningReadingandResearchAnalyzingDraftingRevising AnalyzingSources Aliteraturereviewisneverjustalistofstudies italwaysoffersanargumentaboutabodyofresearchAnalysisoccursontwolevels IndividualsourcesBodyofresearch FourAnalysisTasksoftheLiteratureReview SummaryandSynthesis Inyourownwords summarizeand orsynthesizethekeyfindingsrelevanttoyourstudy Whatdoweknowabouttheimmediatearea Whatarethekeyarguments keycharacteristics keyconceptsorkeyfigures Whataretheexistingdebates theories Whatcommonmethodologiesareused SampleLanguageforSummaryandSynthesis Normadinhasdemonstrated EarlyworkbyHausman Schwarz andGraveswasconcernedwith ElsayedandSterncomparedalgorithmsforhandling AdditionalworkbyKarasawaet al Azadivar andParryet aldealswith Example1 SummaryandSynthesis Undertherestrictionofsmallpopulations fourpossibleways toavoidprematureconvergence werepresented Thefirstoneistorevisethegeneoperators GriffithsandMilesappliedadvancedtwo dimensionalgeneoperatorstosearchtheoptimalcross sectionofabeamandsignificantlyimproveresults Thesecondwayistoadjustgeneprobability LeiteandToppingadoptedavariablemutationprobabilityandobtainedanoutperformedresult Example2 SummaryandSynthesis Piaget stheoryofstagesofcognitivedevelopmentandErikson sstagesofpsychosocialdevelopmentarecommonlyusedforeducationalpsychologycourses BorichSlavinetc Piagetdescribedcharacteristicbehaviors includingartisticonessuchasdrawing asevidenceofhowchildrenthinkandwhatchildrendoastheyprogressbeyonddevelopmentalmilestonesintoandthroughstagesofdevelopment ComparisonandCritique Evaluatesthestrengthandweaknessesofthework Howdothedifferentstudiesrelate Whatisnew different orcontroversial Whatviewsneedfurthertesting Whatevidenceislacking inconclusive contradicting ortoolimited Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory Sample1 LanguageforComparisonandCritique Inthisambitiousbutflawedstudy JonesandWang Thesegeneralresults reflectingthestochasticnatureoftheflowofgoods aresimilartothosereportedbyRosenblattandRoll ThecriticalresponsetothepoetryofPhillisWheatleyoftenregistersdisappointmentorsurprise SomecriticshavecomplainedthattheverseofthisAfricanAmericanslaveisinsecure Collins78 imitative Richmond54 66 andincapacitated Burke33 38 atworst theproductofa Whitemind Jameson414 15 Others incontrast haveapplaudedWheatley scritiqueofAnglo Americandiscourse Kendrick222 23 herrevisionofliterarymodels Sample2 LanguageforComparisonandCritique Thesituationistmodelhasalsoreceiveditsshareofcriticism Oneofthemostfrequentlycitedshortcomingsofthisapproachcentersaroundtheassumptionthatindividualsenterintotheworkcontexttabularasa Sample3 LanguageforComparisonandCritique EvaluativeAdjectives UnusualSmallSimpleExploratoryLimitedRestrictedFlawed ComplexCompetentImportantInnovativeImpressiveUsefulCareful Analyzing PuttingItAllTogether Onceyouhavesummarized synthesized compared andcritiquedyourchosenmaterial youmayconsiderwhetherthesestudiesDemonstratethetopic schronologicaldevelopment Showdifferentapproachestotheproblem Showanongoingdebate Centerona seminal studyorstudies Demonstratea paradigmshift WhatdoresearchersKNOWaboutthisfield WhatdoresearchersNOTKNOW Whyshouldwe further studythistopic Whatwillmystudycontribute Analyzing PuttingItAllTogether 8 Drafting AnOverview Tohelpyouapproachyourdraftinamanageablefashion thissectionaddressesthefollowingtopics ExigencyThesisStatementOrganizationIntroductionandconclusionCitations ThesisStatements Thethesisstatementoffersanargumentabouttheliterature Itmaydoanyoforacombinationofthefollowing Offeranargumentandcriticalassessmentoftheliterature i e topic claim Provideanoverviewofcurrentscholarlyconversations Pointoutgapsorweaknessesintheliterature Relatetheliteraturetothelargeraimofthestudy Example1 ThesisStatements Inspiteofthesedifficultieswebelievethatpre serviceelementaryartteachersandclassroomteachersneedsomeknowledgeofstagetheoriesofchildren sdevelopment thengoesontoreviewtheoriesofdevelopment Researchonthemeaningandexperienceofhomehasproliferatedoverthepasttwodecades particularlywithinthedisciplinesofsociology anthropology psychology humangeography history architectureandphilosophy Manyresearchersnowunderstandhomeasamultidimensionalconceptandacknowledgethepresenceofandneedformultidisciplinaryresearchinthefield However withtheexceptionoftwoexemplaryarticlesbyDespr sandSomervillefewhavetranslatedthisawarenessintogenuinely interdisciplinarystudiesofthemeaningofhome Example2 ThesisStatements Polyvalencereferstothesimultaneousbindingofmultipleligandsononeentitytomultiplereceptorsonanother Inthisarticle Ireviewrecentdevelopmentsinpolyvalenceanddiscussthenumerousopportunitiesforchemicalengineerstomakecontributionstothisexcitingfield whoseapplicationsincludedrugdiscovery tissueengineering andnanofabrication Example3 ThesisStatements Inthisarticle wereviewandcritiquescholarshiponplace basededucationinordertoconsidertheingredientsofacriticalplace basedpedagogyfortheartsandhumanities Webeginbyreviewingecohumanism scallforamorelocallyresponsiveeducationinlightofthemarginalizationofplaceandcommunity Example4 ThesisStatements 9 Organization Fivecommonapproachestoorganizingthebodyofyourpaperinclude TopicalDistanttocloseDebateChronologicalSeminalStudy Characteristics1 Topical MostcommonapproachBreaksthefieldintoanumberofsubfields subjectareas orapproachesDiscusseseachsubsectionindividually sometimeswithcritiquesofeachMostusefulfororganizingalargebodyofliteraturethatdoesnothaveoneortwostudiesthatstandoutasmostimportantoraclearchronologicaldevelopment Threeimportantareasofthisfieldhavereceivedattention A B C AhasbeenapproachedfromtwoperspectivesFandG ThemostimportantdevelopmentsintermsofBhavebeen Chasalsobeenanimportantareaofstudyinthisfield Characteristics1 Topical Characteristics2 DistanttoClose Atypeoftopicalorganization withstudiesgroupedbytheirrelevancetocurrentresearch Startsbydescribingstudieswithgeneralsimilaritiestocurrentresearchandendswithstudiesmostrelevanttothespecifictopic Mostusefulforstudiesofmethodsormodels Method ModelM slightlysimilartocurrentresearch addresses Drawinguponmethod modelN moresimilartocurrentresearch canhelp Thisstudyappliestheprocedureusedinmethod modelO mostsimilartocurrentresearch to Characteristics2 DistanttoClose Characteristics3 Debate Anothertypeoftopicalapproach withachronologicalcomponent Emphasizesvariousstrandsofresearchinwhichproponentsofvariousmodelsopenlycriticizeoneanother Mostusefulwhenclearopposingpositionsarepresentintheliterature TypicalLanguageofDebate Therehavebeentwo three four etc distinctapproachesthisproblem Thefirstmodelposits Thesecondmodelarguesthatthefirstmodeliswrongforthreereasons Instead thesecondmodelclaims Characteristics4 Chronological ListsstudiesintermsofchronologicaldevelopmentUsefulwhenthefielddisplayscleardevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeLinearprogressionParadigmshift ThissubjectwasfirststudiedbyX whoargued found In date Ymodified extended contradictedX sworkby Today researchbyZrepresentsthecurrentstateofthefield Characteristics Chronological Characteristics5 SeminalStudy Beginswithdetaileddescriptionofextremelyimportantstudy Laterworkisorganizedusinganotherpattern Mostusefulwhenonestudyisclearlymostimportantorcentralinlayingthegroundworkforfutureresearch ThemostimportantresearchonthistopicwasthestudybyXin date FollowingX sstudy researchfellintotwocamps extendedX swork etc Characteristics5 SeminalStudy Exercise OrganizationalPatterns Reviewthefourexamplesandanswerthefollowingquestions Canyouidentifytheorganizationalpatternforeachofthefoursamples Doyourecognizethesefromyourfield Whichoneareyoumostlikelytouse Introductions Indicatescopeoftheliteraturereview Providesomebackgroundtothetopic Demonstratetheimportanceorneedforresearch Makeaclaim Offeranoverview mapoftheensuingdiscussion Example Introduction Thereiscurrentlymuchcontroversyoverhownonhumanprimatesunderstandthebehaviorofotheranimatebeings Ontheonehand theymightsimplyattendtoandrecallthespecificactionsofothersinparticularcontexts andtherefore whenthatcontextrecurs beabletopredicttheirbehavior TomaselloTomasello 1997 andanumberofanecdotalobservations e g Savage Rumbaugh 1984 havebeenadducedonbothsidesofthequestion butfewstudiesdirectlyaddressthequestion Dononhumanprimatesunderstandtheintentionsofothers Conclusions Summarizethemainfindingsofyourreview Provideclosure Explain sowhat Implicationsforfutureresearch ORConnectionstothecurrentstudy Example Conclusion Insummary althoughthereissomesuggestiveevidencethatchimpanzeesmayunderstandothers intentions therearealsonegativefindings e g Povinellietal 1998 andahostofalternativeexplanations Asaconsequence currentlyitisnotclearwhetherchimpanzees orothernonhumanprimates distinguishbetweenintentionalandaccidentalactionsperformedbyothers Incontrast thereareseveralstudiesindicatingthatchildrenasyoungas14monthsofagehavesomeunderstandingofothers intentions butthelackofcomparativestudiesmakesitdifficulttoknowhowchildrencomparetoapes Thisstudyisthefirsttodirectlycomparechildren chimpanzees andorangutanswiththeuseofanonverbaltaskinwhichthesubjectsweretodiscriminatebetweentheexpe