Unit 8 Knowledge_and_Wisdom.ppt

Unit8 KnowledgeandWisdom abridged BertrandRussell Abouttheauthor BertrandRussell 1872 1970 Britishphilosopherandmathematician wasoneoftheoutstandingfiguresof20thcenturyBritishphilosophy andwasespeciallyimportantforhisworkinmathematicallogicandnotableforhissupportofhumanitariancauses Russellwastwiceimprisonedforactivitiesassociatedwithhisadvocacyofpacifism 1918 andawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1950 Works AHistoryofWesternPhilosophy NobelPrized TheAutobiographyofBertrandRussellPrinciplesofMathematicsTheProblemsofPhilosophyMarriageandMoralsTheConquestofHappinessTheAnalysisofMind Recommendedessays WhatIHaveLivedforHowtoGrowOld WhatIhavelivedfor TheProloguetoBertrandRussell sAutobiographyThreepassions simplebutoverwhelminglystrong havegovernedmylife thelongingforlove thesearchforknowledge andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind Ihavesoughtlove first becauseitbringsecstasy ecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflifeforafewhoursofthisjoy WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine Loveandknowledge sofarastheywerepossible ledupwardtowardtheheavens Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart Childreninfamine victimstorturedbyoppressors helplessoldpeopleaburdentotheirsons andthewholeworldofloneliness poverty andpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe Ilongtoalleviatethisevil butIcannot andItoosuffer Thishasbeenmylife Ihavefounditworthliving andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme Warm upDiscussion Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredknowledgeable Namesomegreatnames Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredwise Namesomegreatnames Whichismuchharderinyouropinion becomingknowledgeableorbecomingwise Why Aretheymenofwisdom Aretheyclever Aretheywise Memorablequotes Scienceisorganizedknowledge Wisdomisorganizedlife Withoutknowledge Icannotplaytheviolin Withoutwisdom Icouldnotplaythemusic Questiontoponder Whatarethenecessaryelementsthatcontributetowisdom StructureAnalysis Para 1 Whatviewiscommonlyacceptedintermsofknowledgeandwisdom Isthereanyorthodoxdefinitionofwisdom Hasthewriterstatedthepurposeofthewriting Whatisit Para 2 5 Identifythetopicsentencesineachparagraph para 2 1stfactor comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportionTopicsentence OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight paraphrase OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight l 1 3 Amongcontributorstowisdom Ishallseeasenseofproportionasthetoppriority Itreferstotheabilitytogetacomprehensiveviewofaproblem andinthemeantime notewhichaspectismoreimportantandwhichisless 首先 我要提出的是一种良好的比例意识 也就是能够考虑一个问题的所有重要方面 并分别给予它们适当的重视的能力 Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians l 3 5 Ithasbecomemoredifficultthanbeforebecausedifferentkindsoftechniciansarerequiredtospecializeinmorecomplexandwiderrangeofknowledgetoday 由于现在要求各类技术人员掌握的专业知识越来越多 越来越复杂 要做到良好的比例意识比以前更难了 Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace l 14 16 Youstudythemake upoftheatomfromapurelongingforknowledge butyouputitintothehandsofmenofpowerwhoarecrazytouseittodestroythehumanrace 你出于对知识的纯粹渴望而研究原子的组成 然而这一研究却落入一群拥有权力的狂热分子手中 成为他们毁灭人类的工具 questions Why accordingtothewriter iscomprehensivenessanimportantfactorthatconstituteswisdom Whatmessagedoesthewritertrytoconveywiththeexampleoftechnicians para 3 2ndfactor afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlifeTopicsentence Theremustbe also acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife 仅有纵观全局的能力还不足以称之为智慧 我们还应对人类的终级目标有清醒的认识 Questions Whatdoes theendsofhumanlife referto Accordingtothewriter howarefeelingsrelatedtowisdom para 4 3rdfactor emancipationfrompersonalprejudiceTopicsentence Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice 在选择我们所追求的人生目标以及从个人偏见中解放出来时 智慧是必不可少的 paraphrase Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement l 3 4 Itwouldbeveryunwisetopursueagoalwhichisimpossibleofattainmentandboundtofailevenifitishonorabletorunafterit 追求一个不可能达到的目标是不明智的 即便它是个可以实现 且令人感到骄傲的追求目标 Questions Howcanwisdomhelponeinhis herpursuitofalife longcareer Whatdoes convincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness suggest para 5 4thfactor impartialityTopicsentence Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation asfaraspossible fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow paraphrase Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation asfaraspossible fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow l 1 2 Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistobefreefromthecruelandunjustpracticethatisbasedonwhathappensnowandhere 我想智慧的本质就是尽可能的从 此时此地 的霸道中解放出来 Graduallywiththeyears hishorizonwidens andinproportionashisthoughtsandfeelingsbecomelesspersonalandlessconcernedwithhisownphysicalstates heachievesgrowingwisdom l 5 7 Ashegrowsolderandhaswiderexperience accordinglyhebecomesimpersonalandhisthoughtsandfeelingsarelessconcernedwithhimself hebecomeswiser 随着年龄的增长 视野的开阔 一个人的思想和情感变得不那么个人化 与自身的身体状况也不那么密切 这时他的指挥就会增长 Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality ontheonehand byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace andontheotherhand bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings l 9 12 Itispossibletobecomeincreasinglyimpartialbygainingknowledgeaboutthehistoryandthefuture andaboutotherpartsoftheworld andbyshowingduerespectandinteresttodifferentthings 但是我们有可能去不断地接近公正 一方面通过了解在时空上距离我们遥远的事物 另一方面在感情上给予它们应有的重视 Questions What accordingtoRussell istheessenceofwisdom Andhowcanoneacquiretheessence Whatdoes Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree mean surpass tobebeyondthelimit powers orcapacityof transcend超越eg Thereisnogreaterchallengethantosurpassyourself 这工作非他的技术所能胜任 Thetasksurpasseshisskill eg Thebeautyofthescenerysurpassedmyexpectation todoorbebetterthan胜过 超出Wow theresultssurpassedallourexpectations Thelatecomerssurpasstheearlystarters 后来者居上Synonym transcend exceed gobeyondsur over above beyondeg surcharge surrealism correlative Timeiscorrelativewithspeed 时间是对速度而言 related corresponding 与with to连用 相关的 有关联的 相应的eg 民主是对集中而言的Democracyiscorrelativewithcentralism correlativeconjunction 关联词 34 可编辑 cease e g foldourwings andceasefromwanderings 收起我们的翅膀 停止流浪 Tennyson v Stopdoingsomethingorstophappening在很多小说里都有描述 楼兰城在很久前就不复存在了 Lowlantowndescribedinmanynovelshaslongsinceceasedtoexist 停火 CeaseFire 口若悬河 滔滔不绝talkedonandonwithoutcease promote eg Ourteacherhasbeenpromotedtoheadmaster toadvancetothenexthighergrade 常与to连用 提升他们将他提拔为将军 Theypromotedhimtobeageneral eg Doyouhaveanyideahowtopromotethesalesofthisproduct Toattempttosellorpopularizebyadvertisingorpublicity 宣传 推销 promotion促销 Milkpromoteshealth 牛奶可增进健康 tocontributetotheprogressorgrowthof 支持 促进 鼓励促进增长 繁荣 了解 promotegrowth prosperity understanding倡议宪法修正案promoteaconstitutionalamendment eg promoteaBroadwayshow 主办百老汇演出 Q Para 1Whatviewiscommonlyacceptedintermsofknowledgeandwisdom Isthereanyuniversallyaccepteddefinitionofwisdom Whatquestionsareraisedbythewriter Aretheyallansweredinthetext contributeto eg Theycontributedfoodandclothingtotherefugees Togive offer donate宋朝为世界文明做出了三大贡献 火药 指南针 造纸术TheSongDynastycontributedthreegreatinventionstoworldcivilization Exercisecontributestobetterhealth Helptodo helptosucceedeg 诚实加苦干促成成功与幸福 Honestyandhardworkcontributetosuccessandhappiness eg HecontributedanarticletotheChinaDaily contributionn 捐献 贡献 投稿 proportion Alargeproportionofthestudentsweresicklastweek Aquitehighproportionoftheirincomesarespentonfuel eg Thisdoorisnarrowinproportiontoitsheight theproperproportionbetweenoilandvinegarinthedressing n thecorrectrelationinsize degree成比例Wedonotalwaysfindvisiblehappinessinproportiontovisiblevirtue 塞缪尔 约翰逊 我们会发现可见的幸福不一定与可见的美德成正比 vt 使成比例 使均衡 分摊eg proportiontheexpensestothereceipts量入为出outofproportiontoe g Whenyouareangry youoftengetthingsoutofproportion Tocosiderthingsgreaterormoreimportant serious etc thanitreallyisorshouldbe无根据地夸大某事 不合比例 due eg Duecaremustbetakenwhileoneisdriving proper adequate适当的 应有的Theywillsurelymeetwithduepunishment dueesteem respect reward应有的评价 全部应有的尊敬Ourhappychildhoodisduetoourfather shardwork 我们幸福的童年应归功于父亲的辛勤劳动 spectacular Avatarisaspectacularfilm 阿凡达是一部场面壮观的电影 Theceremonialopeningoftheexhibitionwasveryspectacular 展览会的开幕式非常壮观 Ofthenatureofaspectacle impressiveorsensational 壮观的 场面自然的 给人留下深刻印象的或轰动的 disinterested Ajudgeshouldbedisinterested heshouldnotfavoranyindividuals 法官应该公平无私 上帝对每个人都是公平的 TheGodmakeseveryonedisinterested Freeofbiasandself interest impartial 无私的 无偏见私欲的 公正不阿的 Youstudytheformationoftheatomjustforthesakeofpurescientificknowledge butwithyourresearchcomesthedestructiveweaponwhichmightbeusedbysomepowerfulbutextremelyfoolishpersonstodestroythehumanrace Peopleeatmorefruitandvegetablethanbeforeinpursuitofahealthierdiet theactofstriving追求Therefore ifwisdomisnottakenintoconsideration thepursuitofknowledgecanbedamaging andthosespecialistswhoarepursuingknowledgedon tnecessarilyhavethewisdomdefinedasanall roundinsight Notallthespecialistswhoarepursuingknowledgehavethewisdomthatcantakealltheaspectsofaproblemintoconsideration 因此 如果不结合智慧 知识的追求可能是有害而无益的 而那些追求知识的专业人士身上就未必有这种统揽全局的思想 Para 2 Whatdoes asenseofproportion mean thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight Canyouparaphrasethissentence theabilitytojudgecorrectlywhatfactorsareofmoreimportanceandwhatareoflessimportance Whyis asenseofproportion animportantfactorthatconstitutewisdom Becauseoftheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledge onewhoisengagedinonespecificfieldmayfailtoforeseethepossibleharmfuloutcome eminent aneminentpeak 巍峨的山峰toweringorstandingoutaboveothers prominent高耸的 巍峨的eg Thestudentsareexpectingthearrivalofaneminentscientist beeminentamongone scontemporariesfamousanddistinguished respectableeminentsouls社会名流 杰出人士eminentfame声誉卓著 distort Hisfacewasdistortedbyrage 他因发怒而脸色大变 totwistoutofaproperornaturalrelationofparts misshape 使变形 扭曲 使失真distorthistory distortthefacts篡改历史 歪曲事实deliberatelydistort distorttheoriginalintention有意歪曲 曲解原意misrepresent motives facts statements etc 歪曲 曲解 FullnameGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegelBirthAugust27 1770 Stuttgart Germany DeathNovember14 1831 aged61 Berlin Germany School traditionGermanIdealism FounderofHegelianism inculcate eg Itisimportanttoinculcatetheyoungwiththesenseofduty 向年轻人灌输责任感tofix ideasandprinciples inthemindofsb toteach others byfrequentinstructionorrepetition反复灌输 谆谆教诲 Standard bearer eg LuHsunwasthegreatestandthemostcourageousstandard bearerofthisnewculturalforce aleaderinapoliticalgroupofcampaign旗手 领袖ThroughitsownworktheYouthLeaguehasproveditselftobeastandardbearerofthefinesonsanddaughtersofthemotherlandandacapableassistanttothePartyonallfronts 青年团在自己的工作中 表现得不愧为祖国的优秀儿女的旗帜 不愧为党在各个战线上的有力的助手 Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwholesfeelingsarenarrow SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom itisverycommontofindpeoplewhoarerichinknowledgebutpoorinfeelings Thesemandon thavethewisdominmydifinition 我们经常发现一些人知识渊博 可情感狭隘 这些人就缺乏我所言之 智慧 Para 3 Whatdoes comprehensiveness referto Itreferstotheabilitymentionedinthepreviousparagraph Similarmeaningto asenseofproportion Whatdoes theendsofhumanlife referto Itreferstothegoalsofhumanlife Whatdoes bynomeansuncommon mean bynomeans notatallbynomeansuncommon verycommon Para 4 Whatdoes convincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness suggest Thissuggeststhatallhumansarewickedtosomeextent emancipation from freedomfrompolitical moral intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjustice解放释放eg theemancipationofallmankind全人类的解放EmancipationProclamation 美 解放黑奴宣言 prejudice 偏见 成见eg Ajudgemustbefreefromprejudice socialprejudiceHehasaprejudiceagainstallforeigners 比较prejudice bias partialityprejudice指 除了私人感情以外毫无根据的判断或成见 常带有恶意 如 eg Hehadaprejudiceagainstthem bias指 依个人好恶或成见提出有偏差的意见或判断 如 eg Hehadabiastowardtheplan partiality指 偏袒 或 偏爱 如 Hehadapartialityforchess conferon upon grant授予 称号 学位等 赠与 把 赠与eg Thequeenconferredknighthoodsonseveraldistinguishedmen Thehonorwasconferredonhimjustafterthewar appalling frightful令人震惊的 骇人听闻的eg appallingworkingconditionsappallingviolence Whenwillthisappallingwarend Hisignoranceisappalling Para 5 Whatdoes Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplecannotavoidbeingpartial Thedifferencebetweenawisemanandanunwisemanistheformerhasalesserdegreeofpartiality Asonebecomesmoreimpartial hiswisdomgrows beboundupwith beinvolvedin dependenton connectedwith与 有密切联系 与 利益一致eg Thesurvivalofthesecreaturesisintimatelyboundupwiththehealthoftheocean impartial unbiased unprejudiced不偏不倚的 没有偏见的比