Qing Dynasty 简介清朝 英文.doc

Qing DynastyIntroduction简介Qing Dynasty , with its captial Beijing, was the last feudal ruling of China from 1644 to 1912.清代，其首都北京，从1644到1912年，是中国最后的王朝。the establishment of the Qing Dynasty清朝的建立After reunifying all the Nuzhen tribes, Nurhachu proclaimed himself emperor in 1616. 在统一所有女真部落后，努尔哈赤于1616年称帝。In 1636, Huang Taiji, son of Nurhachu moved the capital to Shenyang and changed the regime title into Qing.1636年，努尔哈赤的儿子皇太极，迁都沈阳，改国号为“清”，建立了清朝。Kangxi and consolidation康熙时期及政权的巩固The Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662 - 1722) assumed the throne at age eight .康熙皇帝（1662 -1722）八岁继承皇位。During the early years of his reign, he was largely aided by his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager, Xiaozhuang.在他统治的初期，他在很大程度上是得益于他的祖母，太皇太后孝庄。Kangxi is the longest reigning of all Chinese rulers. During his long rule he set the policy direction for the empire and stabilized it. 他是中国所有的统治者种在位时间最长的一位。在他漫长的统治，他把政策方向的帝国和稳定。The Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors 雍正、乾隆After the Kangxi Emperors death in the winter of 1722, Prince Yong Yinzhen, his fourth son , succeeded him as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yongzheng remained a controversial character because of rumours about him usurping the throne, and he was involved in great political struggles with his brothers. Yongzheng was a hardworking administrator who ruled with an iron hand.康熙皇帝死在1722年的冬季，他的第四个儿子雍親王胤禛接替他成为雍正皇帝。因为他篡夺王位的谣言，雍正仍然是一个有争议的人物，他参与了与他兄弟的重大的政治斗争。雍正是一个勤劳的铁腕的统治者。His successor Qianlong is regarded as one of the most memorable emperor and during his reign ,China reached the zenith of its power.乾隆是最让人记忆深刻的君主之一。在他统治中国期间，中国非常强盛。During the late years of Qianlongs reign, the Qing government saw a return of rampant corruption. The official Heshen was arguably one of the most corrupt in the entire Qing Dynasty. He was eventually forced into committing suicide by Qianlongs son, the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 17961820).在乾隆后期，清政府腐败猖獗。官员和珅可以说是一个最腐败的典型。他最终被乾隆的儿子嘉庆皇帝逼迫自杀。Decline of the Qing Dynasty清朝的衰落After Emperor Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty gradually declined. The later successors Emperor Jiaqing and Daoguang didnt have the enterprising spirit, and they just kept reusing the old policies to continue their sovereign. 乾隆皇帝后，清朝逐渐衰落。后来嘉庆、道光皇帝等缺少进取精神，他们只是一直重用旧政策，继续他们的统治。The First Opium War 第一次鸦片战争In 1840 ,Britain started the first opium war against China, and forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the first of many unequal treaties with them beginning with the Nanjing Treaty. Thereafter, the door to China was forced open by the great western powers.1840年，英国开始了侵略中国的第一次鸦片战争，从南京条约开始，迫使清王朝签订了许多不平等条约。此后，中国被迫向西方列强打开了大门。Empress Dowager Cixi - The Dragon Lady 太后慈禧-龙夫人In the late 19th century, a new leader emerged. The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine to the Emperor Xianfeng (r. 1850-1861), the mother of child emperor Tongzhi, and Aunt of Guangxu successfully controlled the Qing government and was the defacto leader of China for 47 years. She staged a coup dtat(/kudet/) to oust the regency led by Sushun appointed by the late Emperor. She was known for ruling behind the curtain (垂帘听政).在第十九世纪末，一个新的领袖出现。太后慈禧咸丰（1850-1861）的妃子、地同治的母亲以及光绪的姨母控制了清政府，是中国47年的实际领导人。她发动了一场政变，推翻了以肃顺为首的顾命八大臣。她因为垂帘听政而被大家所熟知。Fall of the Qing Dynasty清朝的覆灭By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun and continuously grown. Ci Xi and the Guangxu emperor both died in 1908, leaving a relatively powerless and unstable central authority. Puyi, the eldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, was appointed successor at age three.二十世纪初，大规模内乱不断发生。慈禧与光绪皇帝都在1908年去世，留下一个相对弱势和不稳定的中央政权。溥仪，醇亲王载沣的长子，被指定为继承人。The Qing court was faced with troubles at home and aggression from abroad.Finally, the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen broke out and overthrew the Qing