高考英语教学论文 浅析阅读命题规律与应试技巧 人教版.pdf

浅析高考英语阅读命题规律与应试技巧 浅析高考英语阅读命题规律与应试技巧 Abstract Abstract This article introduces the proposition styles of the College Entrance English Reading national papers and province papers in details and analyses deeply the proposition disciplines and examination techniques which improves Senior English Reading Teaching and students examination techniques greatly Key words Key words the National Matriculation English Reading proposition discipline examination techniques 摘要 本文详细介绍了近几年来高考英语全国卷及省卷的阅读命题类型 从阅读研究和阅读 教学的角度深入分析了高考英语阅读命题的规律及应试技巧 对促进高中英语阅读教 学 提高学生的阅读解题技巧都有很大的帮助 关键词 高考英语阅读 命题规律 应试技巧 Introduction 引 言 读 是英语学习中获取信息 汲取知识 掌握和运用英语知识的一种十分重要的手段 是英语学习者必须掌握的一项基本技能 因而各类英语考试都少不了对学习者阅读能力的考 查 历年来 作为选拔性的国家高考更是如此 如何才能让考生在有限的时间内 快速而又 比较准确地读完试题中给定的材料 并完成材料后给定的题目呢 这是一个让众多考生都感 到很棘手的一个大难题 对这个问题的回答 那就是要求每个考生有必要认识高考英语阅读 命题的规律和掌握必要的应试技巧 历年高考阅读材料类型和考察能力的回顾 本人通过十多年来的英语教学实践 潜心解读历界高考试卷 不难发现高考英语试题中 出现的五篇阅读选文 体裁包括议论文 说明文 记叙文 广告和新闻 内容涉及人物介绍 科普 文化 历史 地理 环保等 五篇选文的含词量大约为两千左右 选文词汇量为三百 到五百 含题干内容 选文语言地道 精练 贴近当代人们的生活 有很强的时代气息 选文主要考察学生下列能力 一 对细节信息的捕捉能力 二 对选文主旨大意的归纳能力 三 根据相关信息对未来人或物的前景进行推断的能力 四 根据上下文对某个词汇意义的 猜测能力和根据图表进行归纳处理的能力 其选文难度分为 A B C 三级 A 级难度较大 B 级难度居中 C 级难度较小 通常 A 级选文一至二篇 B 级选文较多 选文对超出大纲要 求的词汇量作了较为严格的限制 一般控制在 1 5 的范围之内 选文中长句和难句不多 但分词和各种复合句均有体现 历年高考英语阅读命题题型 命题规律与应试技巧 1 事实细节题 命题规律 列举处常考 列举处指的是 first second to begin with furthermore in addition on the one hand on the other hand 等并列关系词出现的地方 要求考生 从所列内容中 选择符合题干要求的选项 列举方式有时不用标志词而是采用句式排比的方 式给出 举例与打比方的地方常考 为使自己的观点更具有说服力 更加明确 作者常举出具体的 用心 爱心 专心 1 例子来佐证 考生应对那些引出例子或比喻的标志词加以注意 常见的有 as such as for example for instance as as 等 指示 代词出现处常考 这类考题 常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的句际关 系 引用人物论断处常考 作者为正确表达自己观点或使论点更有依据 常会引用权威人士的 论断或采纳其重要发现等 特殊标点符号后的 内容常考 特殊标点符号后的内容常常是对前面内容的进一步解释说 明 具体说 特殊标点符号包括 破折号 括号和冒号 表解释 引号 表引用 2 答题技巧 事实细节题中常有两个选择项语意较近 会令考生举棋不定 提高这类试题的答题正确 率的一个重要技巧是 在答题中不忘主题 围绕主题 正确的选项往往是与短文主题密切相 关的那一选项 因为作为命题内容的细节一般总是短文的要点或主要论据 词性和句式转 细节题一般是利用词性转换 同义词 近义词或一些意思相近的语句考查考生对原文表 达的细节信息的词汇 惯用法的正确理解 但有时正确选项与原文的表达不尽相同 一般会 在词语或句型上有些变化 比如原文用的是双重否定 而选项中却用的是肯定的句式 或原 文与选项互为反义词 无论怎样 这种变化只是词语和句法上的变化 但意思一致 即原文 表达具体事实和细节的信息值与题干加选项的信息值虽在用词和句法上有所区别 但意思相 同 比如 I am usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves they were 50 years ago While any of these statements might be true they are practically impossible to prove scientifically Still I was struck by a report which concluded that today s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s In fact the analysis showed normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago Q According to an analysis compared with normal children today children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago were less isolated physically were probably less self centered probably suffered less form anxiety were considered less individualistic 选 C 原文最后一句的意思与本题中的 题干 正确选项 相同 但 children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago 在句子的地位变了 一个是比较的对象 一个是句子的主语 原文与正确选项相互对应的词语有 exhibit 与 suffer higher 与 less 又如 Some studies suggest that straight horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half However traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars Q What dose the author say about straight horizontal bars painted across roads A They are falling out of use in the United States B They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time C They are applicable only on broad roads D They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles 用心 爱心 专心 2 选 B 原文最后一句中 as 引导的原因状语从句与答案选项的意思相同 句际关系与句子结构分析 这种情况主要涉及一些要求对一些指代性名词和代词在句中的意思进行辨认的题型 由 于这种题实际上并不是要求对词本身的理解 因为这些词或其词义我们都很熟悉 这种题考 察的是上下文之间的关系是否清楚 是对细节信息的考察 是事实细节题 而不是语义理解 题 如 Observers noted down the referees errors of which there were 61 over the tournament Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes each referee made almost 23 mistakes a remarkably high number The research then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail Surprisingly he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident When the officials got it right they were on average 17 meters away from the action The average distance is about 20 meters Q The world official Line 2 Para 2 most probably refers to A the researcher involved in the experiment B the inspectors of the football tournament C the referees of the football tournament D the observers at the site of the experiment 选 C officials 所在的句子和前面的 errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident 在语义上是对比关系 说的是赛场上的裁判在距离事发地点远与近 时判罚的失误情况不同 干扰项的特点 与短文细节部分不同 部分相悖 是短文细节 但不是要点或主要论据 是短文细节 但不符合题干要求 题干指向的应在短文其他位置 与常识相吻合但不符合题干要求 提干 指向的应在短文其他位置 与常识相吻合但短文未提及 短文未提及 明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及 2 话义理解题 命题规律 具体环境中 具有指代上下文语义功能的词汇尤其是名词 常成为考察对象 一词多义的常见词及词组易考 要求考生能通过阅读 理解该词在文中的确切含义 对比处常考 考察考生能否从具有对比含义的上下文中猜出某个单词的含义 复杂句常考 由于其结构复杂 句间指代关系复杂等特点 常成为考察考生理解能力的 一种手段 应试技巧 这类问题问及名词的指代 问题涉及的词语有四类 词组短语 生僻单词 旧词新意 这类问题的设计目的不是考查考生的词汇量 而是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和 根据上下文推测词义及处理生词的能力 所以解答这类试题同样要紧扣原文 特别是当问及 的是我们所认识的单词时 不能凭我们对该词的已有知识贸然选择 而要根据上下文来确定 该词在文中的确切含义 利用定义和重述 在一篇文章中 作者有时估计到读者对文中某个词不熟悉 常常采用直接定义法或用另 一种方式进行解释 有时作者会采用重述 即对文章前面所提到的人或物的某些情况进行重 新或补充的阐释 这种重新做出的阐述往往包括前面句子中这个生词的词义 这种解释可能 是一句话 也可能是一段或几段 表达这类情况常用的词语有 means is that is refers 用心 爱心 专心 3 to can be defined as 等 如 One of the women for instance on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer explains the professor People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly It was the woman scustom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings But somehow the action got reversed in the programme About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these programme assembly failure Q programme assembly failure refers to the phenomenon that people A ofen fail to programme their routines beforehand B tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry C unconsciously change the sequence of doing things D are likely to mess things up if they are too tired programme assembly failure 是对前文中 somehow the action got reversed in the programme 的重述 答案为 C 利用相关信息 有时 要知道一个词的确切含义 还需要从上下文已知的有关信息中获得提示或线索 如 The fitness movement that begin in the late in the 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise 有氧操 Millions of individual became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities and literally thousands of health spans developed around the country to capitalize 获利 on this emerging interest in fitness particularly aerobic dancing for females A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities However their focus was not on aerobic but rather on weight training programs designed to develop muscular mass strength and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health since medical opinion suggested that weight training programs offered few if any health benefits Q The word spas Line 2 most probably refers to sports activities places for physical exercise recreation centers athletic training programs 选 B spas 既然要 capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness 它一定与健身 有关 既然能以 national chain 全国连锁 这样的形式存在 它一定是一个营业机构 利用举例 有时作者使用了某个生词 为了让读者明白 常常用后面举出实例的方法来阐释 这种 方法用来引起下文的词有 for example for instance such such as as as as 等 如 Priscilla ouchida s energy efficient house turned out to be a horrible dream When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago Theybuilt a 100 000 three bedroom home in California Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks the house was equipped with small double paned 双层玻璃的 windows and 用心 爱心 专心 4 several other energy saving features Problems began as soon as the couple moved in however Priscilla s eyes burned Her throat was constantly dry She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness Experts finally traced the cause of her illness The level of formaldehyde 甲醛 gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers The source of the gas Her new kitchen cabinets and wall to wall carpeting The Ouchidas are victims of indoor pollution which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nations drive to save energy The problem itself isn t new The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along Says Moschandreas a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases Q The word accentuate most probably means A worsen B relieve C improve D Accelerate 选 A 本文是通过举出 Priscilla Ouchida 的例子来探讨节能对室内环境的负面影响 Moschandress 的两句话之间是递进的关系 利用句际关系 有时作者会用 but however 等明显的句际关系词 或 like as 等表示相似意义的词使 上下文形成比较 对照 可以据此推测生词词义 但也有很多情况没有关系词 只能通过意 思来判断 如上例 干扰项的特点 与上下文不相吻合的我们所熟悉的定义 与上下文似乎相吻合的错误的定义 出现在上下 文中的与本词词性相同的词 问及指代词时 干扰项一般是上下文中出现的名词或名词短语 3 推理判断题 命题规律 常会围绕文章出题 要求将篇首 篇尾 段落中主题句概括归纳并从中推断出全文主题 综合性推论和判断题还可以围绕文章若干段落展开 要求推论和判断出段落间的关系 支持主题思想的细节部分常被考察 这些细节部分表现形式多样 可以是列举 例证 实 验 人物论断等 要求考生对部分内容进行判断推理 文章或段落开头处 尤其是文章结尾总结处常考 语义转折处常考 应试技巧 这类题目大多问及暗示 推论 结论等 解答这类试题 除了需要精确透彻的理解短文 外 还要求考生有一定的推理判断能力 推论虽然必须以短文的某些内容为前提 但推论的 结果是一种本来属于未知的东西 所以这类试题的答案不应该是短文内容的简单重述 对事实和细节进行归纳概括 这类题目要求考生不仅能够读懂细节处关键词的意思 还要 能够体会言外之意 结合文章的主题进行判断是解决这种题目的有效方式 As our tests became more complex Sums up Spilich non smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins He predicts smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated A smoking airline pilots could fly adequately if no problems arose but if something went wrong smoking might damage his mental capacity 用心 爱心 专心 5 Q We can infer from this paragraph that A smokers should not expect to become airline pilot B smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness C no airline pilot during flight D smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases 选 D 从 Splich 给出的 a smoking airline pilot 的例子可以归纳出答案 若针对举例 名人言论 特殊符号后内容出题 只读例子 名人言论 符号前后句的内容 即可 About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table I couldn t help overhearing parts of their conversation At one point the woman asked So how have you been And the boy who could not have been more than seven or eight years old replied Frankly I have been feeling a little depressed lately This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing As far as I can remember my friends and I didn t find out we were depressed until we were in high school Q According to the author feeling depressed is A a sure sign of a psychological problem in a child B something hardly to be expected in a young child C an inevitable phase of children s mental development D a mental state present in all humans including children 作者前面给出了一个自己接触到的实例 后面是评论 所以直接阅读评论内容 就可得 解 答案为 B 如果题目只是针对某一个自己接触到的实例 考生只看该段内容即可答题 而不必等把文 章全看完才做题 以防止时间不足而瞎猜 选项内容全面 概括说明原文的一般是答案 干扰项特点 是短文内容的简单重述 而非推而论之的 正话反说 或 此话彼说 似推之而得 但实 与原文主题相矛盾 与常识相符合 但并非从短文内容可推知 偏离文章主题 属主观臆断 的结论 4 主旨大意题 命题规律 段首 段尾句常考 短文首段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处 段中的段首 段尾句常常是该段的主题句 特殊标点处常考 尤其是段首的特殊符号之后的内容 往往表达了作者的论点 阐释了全 文的主题 语义转折处 尤其位于段首的语义转折处常考 转折处后往往表达了作者真实的写作目的 或观点 因果句常考 注意能表达因果关系的词 because since for as therefore consequently result in originate from 等 有时候作者也通过 Why 提问 而后给予回 答的方式阐释文章主题 应试技巧 主题的确定可以通过寻找主题句的方法实现 熟悉上面所说的命题规律即可 但相当一 部分阅读短文的主题句并不出现 这时更有效的方法是结合前面提到的归纳技巧 从两个方 面进行概括 论述的对象是哪些 包括何人 何事 何物 何种观点等 论述该对象的哪 用心 爱心 专心 6 些方面 干什麽 怎麽样等 在时间紧迫的情况下 只读首位段 答案很可能就在这些段落中 如 Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties It is agreed that they enjoy making noises and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight distress sociability and so on But since these cannot be said to show the baby s intention to communicate they can hardly be regarded as early forms 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