清华大学考研辅导强化班英语完形填空讲义.doc

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)清华大学考研辅导强化班课程英语完形填空清华大学外语学院 宋丽丽 主讲第一单元: 辅导概述1. Use of English (Cloze Test) 试题的来历与测试要点? 智力测验： 给考生看一些不? 完整的画面，? 要求考生根据已有的知识、想象力、和画面的规律性特点，? 经过分析、推理、判断，? 将不? 完整的画面补全。? 作为智力测验的测试要点 1） 识别画面的背景或范围 2） 具备3） 一定的生活常识 4） 背景与常识结合, 找出规律性特征并据此加以猜测、分析和推理，5）从而6）做出判断，7） 即检查已有知识及运用已有知识进行思维的能力? 完型填空：检查学生阅读能力、词汇知识和语法知识? 本题型的测试要点： 1）。 考察学生的知识面，? 如社会生活常识或文化与科普知识 2） 考察学生语言基本功，包括词汇、语法知识和阅读能力 3） 考察考生综合运用以上知识进行分析、推断，并驾驭语篇的能力。 2。Use of English( Cloze Test) 选文的特点与考题范围? 选文特点： 1）。本题目所选文章多为说明文、记叙文、议论文或应用文 2）文章长度为240-280个字。本题为多项选择题，共20个空白处，每小题0.5分，共10分。 3）文章内容涉及社会生活、人物传记、科普、史地、政治与经济等。? 测试范围包括 1）。 词性的用法 2词义的辨析 3）词语的搭配4）。 语法结构 5）。语篇的衔接 3 应考必须做哪些准备 1） 熟练掌握大纲所要求掌握的词汇，2） 熟悉词语的用法和词语搭配，3） 注意词语的引申词，4） 即同5） 根词，同6） 义词，7） 反义词，8） 近义词等 9） 复10） 习并熟练掌握语法知识 11） 大量广泛的阅读以扩大词汇量和知识面 12） 大量的习题训练已达到熟能生巧 4. Use of English (Cloze Test ) 部分答题程序? 答题程序 1） 先通读全文，2） 抓住主题句，3） 整体把握原文的主要内容。 4） 根据上下文语义逻辑关系，5） 语法知识，6） 固定词语搭配来判断所缺信息 7） 可以跳跃答题 8） 最后通读全文，9） 理顺全文的逻辑关系确保所填信息准确无误。? 答题程序图示 1） 常识+一般性英语知识全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据 2） 常识+主题+相关的语言知识推断文章中被删除的信息 3） 常识+主题+综合语言知识判断还原后的文章是否完整合理 5 Use of English （ClozeTest）部分答题技巧? 词汇手段 1）利用词汇的复? 现做题：某一词会以原词的同? 义词、近义词、上义词、下义词或概括词的形式复? 现在篇章中。 e.g. As a result， the trip had to be cancelled and they returned home _and unhappy.A. disappointed B. complete C. released D. badThese firms have to learn the consumers demand first so that they can supply exactly what the consumers want. _keeps the quality of goods from falling very low.A. production B. discovery C. competition D. consumption2) 利用词汇同现做题: 在篇章中, 围绕一定的主题, 一类的词汇往往会同时出现,这些词属于同一个词汇链. 如在描写教室的文章会同时读到下列词汇; classroom, blackboard, desk, chair, teacher, student, floor 等 e.g. I called in a _ to fix my refrigerator before it was too warm.A. worker B. friend C. repairman D. housekeeper3)利用上下文词汇的照应关系做题 e.g. The chief reason is that all the passionate and prejudiced arguments overstate their case and _their opponents case.A. exaggerate B. notice C. understate D. prefer4)注意词汇的替代关系: 在上下文中为避免重复, 常常用代词替代已出现过的词汇 e.g. He will not buy a poorly made auto, if there is a better _ for sale at the same price.A. choice B. one C. ones D. shop5) 注意句子中的省略用法: 为突出主要信息,句子中常常用省略来避免重复 e.g. A philosopher said that we had no right to oppose a position unless we could make out a better one for it than the proponent himself _.A. do B. did C. would D. could? 逻辑关系手段 1) 并列关系: and, and also, furthermore, besides, in addition, or, or else, alternatively, nor, and not, likewise, similarly, in the same way2) 顺序关系: first, first of all, and then, to begin with, what is more, what is more important, finally,3) 分指4) 关系: which, that , who, when, where, whereas, while5) 转折关系: all the same, anyhow, as a matter of fact, at the same time, but, by the way, incidentally, in fact, instead, nevertheless, now, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, to change the subject, yet6) 解释关系: for example, for instance, I mean, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, furthermore, hence, moreover7) 因果关系: so, because, since, as, in that, now that, accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, as a consequence, in consequence, for that reason, as a result,第二单元: 例句与选文16. Use of English ( Cloze Test ) 答题要领与答题方式例句与例段 ? 答题要领: 完型填空是考察考生理解、分析、推断和综合运用语言的能力。 因此做题时首先要对选文内容有一个整体的了解，? 然后根据上下文的语义逻辑关系，? 词性与词义的辨析、词汇的固定搭配以及有关的语法知识判断所缺的信息。最后通读还原后的全文，? 确保行文的整体性与语篇的连贯性。? 例句与例段 注意词语搭配、词义辨析、同? 形词辨别以及介词与冠词的用法等。 eg John looked very much _1_ when he was caught cheating in the exam _2_the spot.1. A. encouraged . B. embarrassed C. disappointed D. excited2. A. on B. by C. at D. inWhen I at last _1_the town, I felt _2_ tired to go in _3_ of a room at once so I went into the nearest restaurant to where I had parked my car and sat down at a table. A waitress was clearing up the _4_ of a meal which must have _5_ eaten by at _6_ forty people.1. A. got B. reached C. arrived D. attained2. A. very B. very much C. too D. so3. A. search B. searching C. look D. looking4. A. remains B. rest C. remainder D. remain5. A. be B. being C. been D. to be6. A. at last B. least C. latter D. lengthAbout three years ago, _1_ my mid- forties, I had a sudden and severe mental breakdown. _2_most exceptional feature was that I am _3_ psychologist and should therefore be able to view the events of my illness _4_ two stand-point.1. A. in B. of C. during D. at2. A. A B. The C. One D. Any3. A. a B. an C. the D. any4. A. in B. on C. at D. from7. 答题要领与答题方式选文1-10选文1.Mans sudden concern_ the environment has introduced a new _ into international relation. It has heightened_ between rich and poor _; it has introduced a widened range of _ for potential conflict.When we _ environmental problems in a _ context, the first thing that _ us is the variety of perspectives and concerns they _. Whereas in the industrialized world the _ is on air and water_, the energy shortage and chewing _ of unspoiled land by urban development, the concern_ an African or an Asian will most _ center on hunger and malnutrition, health, the drying of the soil, the _ of water, the lack of education and jobs.Actually, _ problems of truly world-wide nature affecting the biosystems _ a whole are rather limited in _. They involved mainly the oceans and atmosphere- the commons which are _ by all and are the _ of our life-support system. But they also involve trade, investment and technology.1. A. with B. for C. to D. at2. A. dimension B. way C. method D. sphere3. A. relations B. scope C. tensions D. fashions4. A. world B. race C. human beings D. nations5. A. powers B. economy C. issues D. approve6. A. examine B. look C. insure D. nations7. A. small B. change C. literature D. global8. A. makes B impresses C. force D. express9. A. brought about B. had brought C. been shown D. showed10. A. impress B. focus C. discussion D. action11. A. waste B. cleaning C. pollution D. usage12. A. up B. it C. against D. about13. A. of B. for C. about D. on14. A. focus B. likely C. concerns D. probable15. A. energy B. environmental C. potential D. insufficiency16. A. water B. air C. environmental D. health17. A. like B. as C. likely D. thus18. A. amount B. the way C. number D. certain19. A. possession B. problem C. judged D. shared20. A. basis B. arrangement C. plan D. knowledgekeys: 1b,2b,3c,4d,5c,6a,7d,8b,9a,10b,11c,12a,13a,14b,15d,16c,17b,18c,19d,20a第三单元: 选文2-选文4选文2.Some of the problems that _1_people in the U.S. _2_ in the cities during olds are still _3_us-poor planning, problems in _4_ neighborhoods, and public transportation._5_ was a very important problem for city governments in the last century, _6_ regard to water supplies. It was known that water could be polluted, _7_ they didnt know _8_. Trying to get pure water was a big problem.People like to talk about the _9_ old days, but actually, the cities of the 19th century were dirty and _10_ than today. _11_ disease was a great _12_. There was still yellow fever and malaria. The _13_ death rate was high and there were other dangers as well._14_ true that people were not being killed by cars. _15_, they often were killed or seriously _16_ by runaway horses. It was quite common.Planning of cities and their _17_ was controlled by _18_ speculator and real estate _19_ who were only interested in _20_ money.1. A. bothered B. stimulate C. interest D. frighten2. A. were living B. being living C. lived D. living3. A. remembered B. with C. to D. known4. A. incoming-low B. low-incoming C. low-income D. lowed-income5. A. Death B. Disease C. Pollution D. Communication6. A. by particular B. with particular C. particularly D. particularly with7. A. because B. but C. moreover D. since8. A. how B. that C. what D. which9. A. devil B. good C. miserable D. bad10. A. by the way B. in the way C. on the way D. in many ways11. A. Communicable B. communicative C. Communication D. Community12. A. important B. importance C. concern D. interesting13. A. infants B. infant C. children D. unknown14. A. This is B. That is C. There is D. It is15. A. However B. Thus C. So D. Moreover16. A. is injured B. injured C. be injured D. injuring17. A. neighborhoods B. neighbor C. urban areas D. neighboring18. A. city B. money C. health D. land19. A. developing B. developers C. developed D. development20. A. making for B. make C. making D. earning forKeys: 1a,2d,3b,4c,5c,6d,7b,8a,9b,10d,11a,12c,13b,14d,15a,16b,17c,18d,19b,20c选文3.Arabs consider it extremely _1_ ,manners to start talking business immediately. Even the _2_ government official or managers always _3_extra time to be _4_ and offer drinks. No matter how busy you are, you should make time _5_ this friendliness.The conference visit is a _6_ of doing business throughout the _7_ world. Often you will have to discuss your _8_ in the presence of strangers. _9_ may or may not have anything to do with your business. Do not be _10_ if your meeting is _11_several times by people who come into the room _12_, whisper, or speak softly to the person _13_ whom you are talking and leave.1. A. bad B. efficient C. quick D. accepted2. A. laziest B. top C. no D. busiest3. A. be B. looks after C. takes D. pardons4. A. polite B. formal C. hostile D. great5. A. show B. to C. for D. against6. A. popular B. way C. necessary D. important7. A. whole B. the rest of C. actual D. Arab8. A. family B. business C. profession D. complaint9. A. whom B. which C. who D. what10. A. glad B. surprised C. profession D. astonishment11. A. organization B. stop C. interrupted D. of12. A. officially B. laughing C. unannounced D. stealthily13. A. by B. with C. inviting D. againstkeys: 1a,2d,3c,4a,5c,6b,7d,8b,9c,10b,11c,12c,13b,选文4.More _1_ three quarters of the children we talked wit said theyre sometimes afraid _2_ alone. If you decide your child is old enough to be home alone before or _3_ school. You should make sure your house is safe and teach your child how to handle various situations.Make a game of your instruction. Have your child _4_ questions beginning with “ what would you do if “ and _5_ with phrase like “ you lost your key” or “ someone you dont know _6_ to the door.”The best home security is prevention. Every home _7_ detectors, but consider alls setting up a burglar-alarm system. Leaving a radio_8_ during the day makes a home sound _9_. Besides, as one child said,” It is spooky _10_ into a quiet house. “ Dont leave and extra key in obvious hiding place, such _11_ under the doormat. _12_ it with a neighbor instead.1. A. of B. of the C. than D. and more2. A. to be home B. being home C. of being at the house D. being at home3. A. a head of B. by C. near D. after4. A. to answer B. answering C. answered D. answer5. A. starting B. to start C. ending D. to end6. A. comes B. why to come C. how to come D. had come7. A. should have smoke B. should have smokedC. should be smoking D. might have smoked8. A. off B. about C. with you D. on9. A. quiet B. healthy C. occupied D. occupying10. A. of walking B. having walked C. walking D. to have been walking11. A. like B. as C. of D. and such12. A . Take B. Leave C. Bring D. Ask forKeys: 1c,2c,3d,4d,5c,6a,7a,8d,9c,10c,11b,12b,第四单元: 选文5-选文6选文5.The fire broke out in a bakery in the early hours of Sunday, 2 September 1666. The baker was a man _1_ Thomas Farrinor. No one knows exactly _2_ it happened, but he probably left a _3_ of sticks too near the oven. They _4_ fire and then set the kitchen alight. The wooden houses nearby were very _5_ because of a long, hot summer and were joined together by _6_ streets. A strong east wind caused the flames to _7_ quickly from the bakery to other houses. At first, no one took any _8_ of the fire. By the morning, over three hundred houses were burning. Pepsys at last _9_ the seriousness of the situation and went to warn the King, Charles II, who sent him to the lord Mayor_10_ instructions to pull down the houses. But _11_ people listened to him.On Tuesday, 4 September, the King put his brother, the Duke of York, in _12_ of operations. He organized demolition immediately. The King himself helped to _13_the fire and distributed gold coins to _14_ the workmen. Finally, on Thursday, the fire was brought _15_ control. To the Northwest, soldiers stopped it at Pie Cornet. Surprisingly, only eight people had died, _16_ over 13000 houses had been _17_. Almost a quarter of a million people were _18_ and many went the country. _19_ of the medieval city had _20_ for ever.1. A. calls B. calling C. called D. call2. A. when B. where C. what D. that3. A. group B. pile C. band D. crowd4. A. caught B. set C. opened D. laid5. A. dry B. light C. dirty D. dusty6. A. rough B. smooth C. narrow D. wide.7. A. grow B. transfer C. prevail D. spread8. A. attention B. notice C. look D. sight9. A. prove B. realized C. understood D. admitted10. A. on B. about C. along D. with11. A. some B. many C. few D. more12. A. charge B. front C. case D. honor13. A. fight B. put C. exchange D. draw14. A. compel B. strengthen C. entertain D. encourage15. A. under B. in C. over D. within16. A. since B. when C. but D. and17. A. spoilt B. pushed C. destroyed D. pulled18. A. homeless B. hungry C. disappointed D. unemployed19. A. five-sixth B. five-sixths C. fifths-six D. fifth-sixs20 A. discovered B. solved C. disputed D. disappearedKeys: 1c,2a,3b,4a,5a,6c,7d,8b,9b,10d,11c,12a,13a,14d,15a,16c,17c,18a,19b,20d,选文6.In 1959, the _1_ American family paid $989 _2_ a years supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1311. That was a price _3_ of nearly one-third.Every family has _4_ this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of _5_ a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement _6_ reasons for the rise are being discussed. who is really _7_?Many blame the farmers who _8_ the vegetables, fruit, meat, egg and cheese _9_ stores offer for_10_. According to the U.S. Department of _11_, the farmers share of the $1311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was thirty-one percent _12_ than the farmer had received in 1959.But farmers claim that this increase was very small _13_ to the increase in their cost of _14_. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp _15_ in food prices. They particularly blame those who _16_ the farm products after the products leave the farm. These _17_ truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the _18_ of stores where food is sold. They are among the “middle-men” who stand _19_ the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. _20_ middle-men the ones to blame for food price?1. A. average B. poor C. rich D. well-being2. A. on B. to C. for D. with3. A. paid B. increase C. decrease D. income4. A. earned B. pay C. expend D. had5. A. expense B. expenditure C. feeding D. living6. A. that B. which C. in which D. when7. A. responsible B. fault C. reason D. cause8. A. had produced B. produce C. had bought D. buy9. A. these B. that C. they D. them10. A. bargaining B. sale C. auction D. auctioning11. A. Agriculture B. Industry C. Economy D. Commercial12. A. rather B. different C. better D. more13. A. leading for B. included C. compared D. known14. A. feeding for B. living C. expenses D. education15. A. rise B. arise C. promote D. rising16. A. sale B. buy C. eat D. process17. A. exclude within B. include C. are confined D. are included18. A. visitors B. robbers C. owners D. window-shopper19. A. for B. out C. among D. between20. A. Are B. Does C. Are there D. OughtKeys: 1a,2c,3b,4d,5c,6d,7a,8b,9b,10b,11a,12d,13c,14b,15a,16d,17b,18c,19d,20a,第五单元: 选文7-选文8选文7.A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply- all these were important _1_ in helping English to become the center for the Industrial Revolution_2_ they were not enough. Something _3_ was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men-_4_ individuals who could invent machines, find new _5_ of power and establish business organizations to reshape society.The men who _6_ the machines of the Industrial Revolution _7_ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were _8_ inventors than scientists. A man who is a _9_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research _10_. He is not necessarily working _11_ that his findings can be used.An inventor or one interested in applied science is _12_ trying to make something that has a concrete_13_. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories _14_ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a _15_ result; the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of _16_ other objectives.Most of the people who _17_ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had _18_or no training in science might not have made their inventions _19_ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years _20_.1. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations2. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even3. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar4. A. generating B. effective C. motivating D. creative5.A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries6. A. employed B. operated C. created D. controlled7. A. came B. ar