2011职称英语国家教材强化补全短文讲义.doc

职称英语教材系列 强化班前 言l 职称英语等级考试介绍全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员管理司组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。每个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。1. 考试内容及试卷结构如下：题型材料内容答题要求题量分值第一部分词汇选项（四选一) 15个句子给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。1515第二部分阅读判断（三选一)1篇短文 (300450词.给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断(正、误、没有直接或间接提到.。77第三部分概括大意与完成句子(选择搭配). 1篇短文 (300450词.分两部分：1概括大意(6选4.；2完成句子(6选4.。88第四部分 阅读理解 (四选一)3篇短文(各300450词.每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。1545第五部分补全短文(选择搭配.1篇短文(300450词.短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并将移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置(6选5.。510第六部分完形填空(四选一)1篇短文(300450词.短文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者从中选出1个最佳答案。15152. 考试要求学员：级别阅读任务量词汇量语法阅读理解能力A3000词左右阅读任务6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语1. 考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：2. 英语句子的基本语序及其意义；3. 英语句子的结构和常用句型；4. 各种时、体的形式及其意义；5. 各种从句的构成及其意义；6. 句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。1. 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2. 了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；3. 利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；4. 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系； 5. 根据所读材料进行判断和推论；6. 领会作者的观点、意图和态度。B2600词左右阅读任务5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语C2200词左右阅读任务4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语3. 职称英语考试词典的要求：职称英语考试是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。关于词典，国家有明确的规定，以下词典不允许带入考场： （1） 有职称字样的词典不要带入考场； （2） 针对职称英语考试编写的词典不能带入考场； （3） 电子出版物，即电子词典不能带入考场。 其它的词典国家没有明确的规定。因此建议尽量选择具备同义词、收词量相对较大的词典。提示：报名参加VIP保过班、豪华保过班的学员不要着急自购词典，我们会为您免费赠送纸质词典一本，通过快递方式邮寄。l 讲义使用说明强化班讲义的编写主要依据职称英语考试国家指定教材。授课老师会针对不同类别的文章内容进行全面系统的精讲，授课同时融合了老师对每个题型自己多年总结和积累的解题技巧和方法等，帮助学员在对教材中的重点文章有一个全面而深入了解的同时，提高综合分析和解题能力。通过强化班的学习，使学员对国家指定教材中的内容有一定的了解和记忆，且能在短时间内帮助学员得到综合阅读能力上的快速提高，为学员顺利通过考试、进行冲刺阶段的巩固学习打下坚实的基础。职称英语通过率居全国第一 目 录第四部分 补全短文293What We Take from And Give to the Sea293Teamwork in Tourism293“Happy Birthday to You”294The First Four Minutes295Financial Risks296Mobile Phones297The Worlds Longest Bridge297Obesity Causes Global Warming298The Value of Motherhood299Ludwig Van Beethoven300Einstein Named “Person of Century”300Reinventing the Table301Dont Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet302Dung to Death302Robotic Highway Cones303The Arctic Ice is Thawing304Bedwetting305What Makes Me the Weight I Am?305How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind306Why Do Peoples Shrink?307Leukemia307What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?308Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women309Death Control310Public Relations310The Dollar in World Markets311Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression312Tuberculosis Kills 1, 000 People a Day in Asia313Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological Therapy313Looking to the Future314Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel315Agitated Sunspot Cause Trouble315Watching Microcurrents Flow316Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change317Stonehenge318Sleeping Giant319High Dive319Crop Circle Mysteries320Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR321U.S., European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin322More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference322The Magic of Sound323Time in the Animal World324Virtual Driver325补全短文参考答案325 第四部分补全短文阅读下面的短文，每一篇中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。What We Take from And Give to the SeaAs long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.We take fishes from the ocean - millions of kilograms, of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. _(1)_ We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. _ (2)_ Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. _(3)_ Seaweed becomes food of many kinds - even candy, and ice cream - as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. _ (4)_ But ocean water becomes fresh water. when the salts are removed. In the future, we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.The Sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. _ (5)_ Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas, we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids.B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.D. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.E. We even use their bones for fertilizer.F. Some of its contents may cause illness.Teamwork in TourismGrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers. _ (1) _. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. _ (2) _. Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. _ (3) _Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. _ (4) _ (5) _. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers. A. The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, including car-rental and sigh-seeing services. B. They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours. C. Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D. As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries. E. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients. F. In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travelplanes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases. “Happy Birthday to You” The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it wont stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, its soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. _(1)_They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” _(2)_The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why it spread, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. _(3)_ “Happy Birthday to You,” for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bring colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. _(4)_The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while stills blowing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock n roll and its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nations youth.” _(5)_And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S. A As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C American in origin, informal clothing has become the worlds first truly universal style. D The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E American food has become popular around the world too. F This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful. The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: “_ (1) _. A lot of peoples whole lives would change if they did just that. ”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. _ (2) _. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves.”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, “But Im not a friendly, self-confident person. Thats not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to that way. ”_ (3) _. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.” But isnt it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we dont actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, “total honesty” is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about ones health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about ones opinions and impressions. _ (4) _. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. _ (5) _. That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply. Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habitsB. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other persons shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. _ (1) _. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. _ (2) _. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. _ (3) _. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. _ (4) _. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. _ (5) _. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E. Floating exchange rates of the worlds major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation. Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be build until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobodys going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information, ”Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. _ (1) _A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2, 000 a day. _ (2) _As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. _ (3) _The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. _ (4) _ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. _ (5) _ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects. A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every two peopleC. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones br