国际音标的基础知识.doc

国际音标的基础知识国际音标（International Phonetic Alphabet,简称IPA），犹如我们的汉语拼音，是我们认字，识字的工具。由于英语单词的字母不能完全有规律地体现出它的读音，因此需要一套注音系统来指示单词读音。国际音标由国际语音协会制定，它标出了英语语音用到的48个音素，并且每个符号只对应一个音素。应用国际音标可以拼读出任何一个英文单词。 音素、音节与单词的关系音素（phoneme）是最小的语音单位。不同的语言可能用到不同的音素。如汉语中，我（WO）由W和O两个音素组成。英语中，bus【bs】由b,s 三个音素组成。英语中共有48个音素，我们用国际音标表示。在熟练掌握它们后就可以拼读出任何一个英文单词。音节（syllable）由音素组成。我们知道音素分元音和辅音，而元音是构成音节的主体。一个音节可以只是一个元音，也可以由一个元音和若干辅音构成。一般来说一个音节中只能 有一个元音，而辅音可以有多个。单词（word），一个单词可以由一个音节构成，也可以由多个音节构成。按照所含音节的多少，我们可以把单词分为单音节词，双音节词和多音节词。 元音(20个) 单元音前元音/i:/ / /e/ /中元音/ /:/ 后元音/ /:/ / /:/ /u/ /u:/双元音合口双元音/e/ /a/ / / /a/集中双元音/ /e/ /辅音（28个）发音部位发音方法双唇音唇齿音舌齿音齿龈音齿龈后音硬腭齿龈音硬腭音软腭音声门音声门音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音清音浊音浊音清音爆破音pbtdkg/g/破擦音tsdztrdrtd摩擦音fvszrh鼻音mn舌侧音半元音wj前元音/i:/ 长元音。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，舌部肌肉紧张，嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形，像微笑一样。 字母和字母组合 e, ee, ea, ei, ie, i, ey 读/i:/：he we eve bee sheep sweet keep tea pea meat eat seize receive deceit thief field niece police machine key/ 短元音。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，但比/i:/要低，舌部肌肉要放松，唇形扁平，开口比/i:/大些。 字母和字母组合 i, y, e, u, a, ui, ey, o, ei 读/：big pig six kick dig copy gym pity expect careless goodness business busy cabbage village private build quick guitar honey donkey monkey money women foreign/e/ 短元音。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，开口比/大些，上下齿间可容纳一个食指尖，口型自然放松，双唇稍扁。 字母和字母组合 e, a, ea, ai, ie, ue 读/e/：bed get desk help best better letter December any many Thames weapon weather head dead sweat bread breath ready said friend guest request / 短元音。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，比/e/低，开口比/e/大些，可以容纳食指和中指，双唇向两旁平伸，成扁平形。 字母和字母组合 a, ai读/：cat cap fat bad chat catch rabbit hand have happy flag mat plaid plait 中元音/:/ 长元音。舍身平放，舍中部抬起至中间位置，牙床开得较窄，嘴唇展开程度似/i:/。字母和字母组合 ir, er, or, ur, ear, our 读/:/：dirt birth first shirt third her service mercy person work worst worth fur curb hurt early learn earth journey courtesy / 短元音。舌中部稍抬起，比/:/低，牙床半开，双唇扁平。 字母和字母组合 I, a, o, u, e, or, er, ure, our 读/：terrible flexible possible library company along chorus minimum correct seldom protect gentlemen pavement September author doctor visitor teacher water letter standard particular lecture labour后元音/u/ 短元音。舌尖离开下齿，但不与上齿接触，舌身后缩，舌后部向软腭抬起，双唇收圆，稍向前突出。字母和字母组合 u, oo, oul, o 读/u/：put push full bush bullet sugar cook good foot took book look wood crook stood could should woman/u:/ 长元音。舌尖离开下齿，舌后部向软腭抬起，抬得比/u/更高，双唇收得更圆，更小且向前突出，口腔肌肉始终保持紧张状态。字母和字母组合 o, oo, ou, u, oe, ew, ui, ue do two move who whose lose tool food tooth school cool too group through soup routine rule June shoe canoe flew crew fruit blue / 短元音。舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，舌后部靠前部分稍抬起，双唇向两旁平伸，开口较大。字母和字母组合 u, o, ou, oo 读/：up cup but duck study subject sunny Sunday son love dove come front money mother colour honey enough young double cousin tough blood/:/ 长元音。舌尖离开下齿，舍身平放后缩，舌后部稍抬起，口张开，开口最大。字母和字母组合 ar, a, al, er, ear, au 读/:/：star park dark car far pass bath past after class staff father calm half palm clerk职员 sergeant警官 heart hearth laugh aunt / 短元音。舌尖不触下齿，舌身尽量降低，后缩，开口大，双唇稍稍收圆。字母和字母组合 o, a, ou, ow, au读/:Knock clock stop job long novel hot sorry office coffee doctor chopsticks wash what want watch squander cough knowledge sausage because/:/ 长元音。舌尖不触下齿，舌后部抬得比/高，双唇收的比/圆，且向前突出。字母和字母组合 or, ou, a, al, au, aw, ore, oar, oa, oor, our 读/:/：horse short nor ought thought bought always although water ball hall walk caught daughter autumn dawn law raw before more sore soar board broad floor door four合口双元音/e/ 口型由/e/向/滑动。发音过程中，下颚向上合拢，舌位也随之稍稍抬高。字母和字母组合 a, ay, ai, ei, ea, ey, au读/e/：ate game cake labour lazy hatred day way may wait rain fail sail daily neighbour eight weight break great steak they gauge测量/ 口型由/向/u/滑动。发音过程中下颚稍抬高，双唇由扁平收圆。字母和字母组合 o, ow, oa, ou, oe 读/：so no home those told poem November October throw tomorrow show borrow load toast soap boat road soul though shoulder toe hoe锄头 /a/ 发音时舌尖抵住下齿。发音过程中，下颚迅速向上移动，开口逐渐缩小。字母和字母组合 y, I, igh, ei, uy, ie 读/a/：fly by cry rice side time wide bike dialogue lion night right high lie tie die height eider绒鸭 buy guy aisle走廊 quiet / 口型开始部位在/和/:/之间，由上述部位向/滑动，同时唇型由圆唇变为扁唇。字母和字母组合 oy, oi 读/：boy toy joy soy enjoy employ deploy destroy annoy loyal royal oil coin noise boil choice soil join appoint /a/ 字母和字母组合 ow, ou读/a/Owl cow how now crowd allow mouth out house ground counter around plough mouse loud fountain sound flower power our sour hour 集中双元音/ 字母和字母组合 ea, ear, ia, eer, ere, iou 读/:Idea realize theatre real realism ear dear near clear year gear齿轮 material industrial imperial beer cheer peer凝视deer pioneer here mere various /e/ 字母和字母组合 ear, air, are, ere, a, eir, ar 读/e/:bear wear pear air hair fair affair repair dare spare hare stare