2013年高考专题高中英语知识点大全.doc

2013年高考英语知识点大全2013年高考英语知识点（1）【词条1】occupy 【点拨】occupy为动词,可意为占领。如:Germany occupied a lot of countries during the Second World War.【拓展】1. occupy还可意为占或充满(时间,空间)；担任(职务)；占据(头脑,思想)。常用于结构: occupy oneself in doing sth. / with sth. /忙于,从事于 be occupied in doing sth. / with sth.专心于,忙于。如:The headmasters speech occupied three hours in all.My father occupies an important position in the club.My business occupies my mind constantly.My little sister occupied herself with her homework last night.As the final exam is drawing near, all the students are occupied in reviewing their lessons. 2. occupation名词,意为占有；职业。如:The workers occupation of the factory lasted two weeks.Please state your name, age and occupation. 【词条2】overlook 【点拨】overlook动词,意为往下看,俯视。如: The house on the hill overlooks the village. From the top of the hill, we can overlook the whole of the harbor. 【拓展】 1. overlook还可意为忽视,忽略。如:You have overlooked several mistakes in this work. 2. 辨析overlooklook over overlook为单个动词,意为俯视；忽视；look over为动词短语,意为检查,查看。如:Dont overlook the students who are poor in their studies.We must look over the house before we decide to rent it. 【词条3】wound 【点拨】wound可用作动词,意为使受伤。如:The bullet wounded him in the left leg. 【拓展】 1. wound还可用作名词,意为创伤,伤口。如:The soldier received a serious wound in the chest. 2. 辨析woundinjurehurt 这三个词都表示受伤。wound一般指外伤,如枪伤、刀伤,尤指战争、战斗中受伤；injure一般指由于意外或事故造成损伤；hurt可以指肉体上的伤害,也可以指精神上的伤害,特指伴有疼痛的肉体上的伤害。如:The soldier was badly wounded in the head.Although his hand was injured, he continued to operate the machine.He hurt his leg when he fell from the ladder. 经典短语透视 【短语1】make a breakthrough【点拨】make a breakthrough意为取得重大突破(进展)。如:The key to the problem is to make a breakthrough with a clear aim.The two countries made a significant breakthrough in negotiations.【拓展】辨析breakthrough与break through breakthrough为名词,意为惊人的进展；关键问题的解决；break through为动词短语,意为突破,突围；克服。如:Ive been learning English for years; I want to make a breakthrough.Scientists say they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.The enemy attempted to break through our lines.【短语2】to ones astonishment【点拨】to ones astonishment意为令某人惊讶的是,相当于to the astonishment of sb.。如:To my astonishment, he remembered my birthday and bought me flowers.【拓展】in astonishment意为惊奇地。如:Those present looked at each other in astonishment after hearing the news.The students looked at their teacher in astonishment. 【短语3】declare war on 【点拨】declare war on,相当于declare war against意为向宣战。如:Japan declared war on China in 1937.Police have declared war on drug dealers in the area. 【拓展】辨析declareannounce declare常用于正式场合,含有庄严宣告或交代清楚的意思,它所涉及的事不一定是对方所不知道的。Announce更接近于汉语公布、告知的意思,它所涉及的是一件对方原来不知道的事。如:The accused declared himself innocent.The date of his visit has not been announced. 热点语法聚焦 上期重点讲虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件状语从句中的用法,本期重点讲述虚拟语气在其他从句中的一些主要用法。 1. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句 (1) wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示现在的祝愿和报歉。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be用were(was),实义动词用过去式。如:I miss you so much and I wish I were there with you. 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或could+现在完成时。如:I wish I had known him ten years ago. 表示对将来事情的愿望。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语为would / should / could / might +动词原形。如:I wish I could fly to the moon one day. (2)虚拟语气用于其他宾语从句在suggest, advise, propose, order, command, demand, require, request, insist等表示建议、命令、劝告等的动词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。如:He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 注意: suggest 作显示,表明,说明,insist作坚持说,坚持认为时,从句不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。如: His pale face suggests that he is ill. He insisted that he was right, and so he insisted that his plan be carried out at once. 2. 虚拟语气用于主语从句 (1) 在句型It is important (necessary, strange, essential .) that . 中,that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。如:Its necessary that you should review your lessons before the examination. (2) 在句型It is suggested (requested, proposed, ordered .) that . 中,that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。如:Its suggested that we (should) put on a short play at the party. 3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句或同位语从句 advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气,谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。如:His suggestion that we (should) go fishing is wonderful.My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. 4. 以as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气 从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反,用had +过去分词；表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might, could) +动词原形。如:He speaks as if he knew everything about the accident.The two strangers were talking warmly as though they had been friends for years.2013年高考英语知识点（2） 【词条1】refuse 【点拨】refuse为动词,意为拒绝。常用于结构: refuse to do sth. refuse + n. / pron. refuse sb. sth.。如:What annoyed us was that Mary refused to talk about this matter.He refused his friends invitation to go on an adventure. She is so enthusiastic that you cant refuse her anything. 【拓展】 1. 辨析refuserejectdecline 这几个词都可作拒绝解。其区别在于:refuse 是表示拒绝这一概念的最普通的用词,可接不定式,表示拒绝做某事,也可接名词,表示不接受；reject 语气比refuse 强,表示断然拒绝。如果不同意一种意见或信仰,通常用reject；decline 比较正式,表示礼貌、客气地婉拒,当表示对于对方的邀请、请求、提议等表示不接受时,可以用decline 来缓和语气。如:I refused to take part in anything that is illegal.The army doctors rejected several recruits as unfit.I invited her to join us, but she declined. 2.refusal为refuse 的名词形式,意为拒绝,拒不。如:Your refusal of such a good offer was very foolish. 【词条2】arise 【点拨】arise为不及物动词,意为产生；出现。常用搭配:arise out of / from sth.由引起。如:We didnt know how the quarrel arose.Disagreements have arisen from the new program. 【拓展】 1. arise还可意为站起来,起立。如:He arose, telling me that he would wait for me outside the office. 2. 注意几个与arise意义相近的词: (1) rise是不及物动词,意为上升；升起；增加；提高。也可意为起床和站起身,这时可与arise换用。如:Our hopes rose and fell in the same instant.The chairman rose from his chair and came forward to present the award.We arose from the chairs when the guest entered the room. (2) raise是及物动词,意为举起；使起来；提高；提出。如:He raised his hand to ask the speaker questions.My salary was raised to 8,000 yuana month. (3) arouse也是及物动词,意为唤醒；激起；引起。如:I was suddenly aroused by the thunder.Great enthusiasm was aroused by the speech.【词条3】accompany【点拨】accompany 动词,可意为陪伴。如:Will you accompany me in drinking a glass of wine?【拓展】accompany还可意为伴随发生；伴奏。如:Lightning usually accompanies with thunder.The pianist accompanied her singing. 经典短语透视 【短语1】treat . as . 【点拨】treat . as . 意为把当成。如:People here all treat me as an expert on farming. 【拓展】下面的词组都可以表示把当成。如:All the patients regard him as a considerate nurse.She thinks of the monitor as the cleverest student in the class.They look on others difficulties as their own.This sculpture is considered as a symbol of this city. 【短语2】rely on 【点拨】rely on意为依靠,指望,常用于以下结构:They usually rely on themselves.(rely on sth.)They have to rely on the river for their water.( rely on sth. for)You can rely on Peter to do what he promises.(rely on sb. to do sth.) 【拓展】count on和depend on / upon 都可意为依靠,依赖。如:I can count on Bill to get the job done.Our success mostly depends on your help. 【短语3】break down【点拨】break down可意为分解,分化。如:After many years, rocks break down into dirt. 【拓展】根据下列例句体会break down的其他意思:We are late because the car broke down halfway. (坏了)The peace talks have broken down because neither side would compromise. (失败)She broke down with a sob and covered her face with the hands. (感情失控)The expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages 5,000 dollars, materials 8,000 dollars. (分割) 热点语法聚焦虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，用于表示说话人的假设、愿望、怀疑或推测等。本期重点讲述虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件状语从句中的用法。if引导的非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实可能相反三种情况。 与现在事实相反：动词的过去式(be动词一般用were)would d could d might +动词原形If he had time, he would come to visit you. (实际上很可能没时间) 与过去事实相反： had + 动词-ed形式would d could d might have +动词-ed形式If he had taken my advice, he would have finished it on time.(实际上没有采纳建议,结果没按时完成) 与将来事实可能相反 1. 一般过去时(be 动词一般用were) 2. should + 动词原形 3. were to + 动词原形would d could d might +动词原形If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.(说话人认为明天下雨的可能性很小) 注意: 1. 在if虚拟条件从句中,如果主、从句动作发生在不同的时间,主从句谓语动词应根据各自所体现的时间关系加以适当的调整,采用不同的动词形式,这叫作混合虚拟条件从句。如:If he had told me his telephone number yesterday, I could phone him now. (从句表达的情况与过去的事实相反,主句表达的情况与现在的事实相反。) 2. 在if虚拟条件从句中,如果从句的谓语动词含有were, had, should,可将之提至句首,将连词if省去,从而构成倒装句型。如:Should it rain tomorrow (= If it should rain tomorrow), I would not go to Beijing. 3. 有时用介词without 或介词短语but for来表达虚拟语气。如:Without electricity human life would be quite different today. But for your help, we couldnt have arrived here on time.2013年高考英语知识点（3） 【词条1】combine 【点拨】combine vi. / vt. 联合,结合,合并。常用作结构combine . with .把与结合。如:The two countries combined against their common enemy.He combined his scientific knowledge with his friends business skill and started a company. His efforts, combined with his determination, helped him achieve great success. 【拓展】combination n. 联合,合作, 结合combined adj. 组合的,结合的 【词条2】relax 【点拨】relax vi. / vt. 放松,使轻松。如:The doctor told him to relax a week or so before going back to work.This equipment will help relax your muscles. 【拓展】relax还可意为放宽；使松弛。如:They relaxed the regulations after the reform.relaxed adj. 放松的,镇定的relaxing adj. 令人放松的She had a very relaxed manner.Its really a relaxing walk. 【词条3】present 【点拨】present可用作动词,意为赠送；颁发(奖品等)；提出。如:When Mr. Smith left our company; our manager presented him with a golden watch.The winner was presented with the prize by the chairman. 【拓展】 1. present作名词,可意为礼物,赠品；现在,目前。如:I dont want all these books; Ill make you a present of them.She is busy at present, and she cant speak to you.Lets leave things as they are for the present. 2. present作形容词,意为出席的,在场的；目前的,现在的。如:Its unfair to discuss his case if he isnt present.The present situation seems to be in their favor. 经典短语透视【短语1】in addition to【点拨】in addition to意为除之外(还有),其中to为介词,所以后面要跟名词、代词和动名词等。如:In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also pro-vides practical experience.【拓展】1. besides作介词时,和其意思和用法相同。如:We have lots of things in common besides dance. 2. in addition相当于副词,可译为另外,加之。如:You need money and time; in addition, you need intelligence. 【短语2】draw upon / on 【点拨】draw upon / on意为凭借,利用。如:Reread your previous essays for ideas and information, which you may want to draw upon.A writer has to draw upon his imagination and experience. 【拓展】draw on / upon还可意为临近,(时光)渐渐过去。如:Winter is drawing on.It grew colder as night drew on. 【短语3】be true of 【点拨】be true of 意为(某种情况)适用于,适宜于。如:This principle is true of everybody.The food is good and the same is true of the service. 【拓展】根据下列例句体会与true相关短语的意义:The picture is true to life. (逼真)He is always true to his promise. (信守)My father said I should be a lawyer and it has come true. (实现) 热点语法聚焦 一、现在完成进行时由has / have been + 动词-ing构成,其主要用法有: 1. 表示动作从过去开始一直持续到说话时,并且还有可能继续下去。这一用法常和表示一段时间的状语,如:For three years, all this time, all ones life, all the morning, these few weeks. 以及由for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:Hes been watching television all day.I have been teaching in the middle school for ten years. 2. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到说话时刻的动作,在说话时刻这个动作刚刚结束。如:I have just been saying goodbye to my friend. 3. 表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内反复发生的动作。如Have you been meeting him lately? 二、与现在完成时的比较: 1. 从定义上来看,现在完成时(have done)表示的是已经完成的动作或者状态,常常与already已经或ever曾经连用。如: We have already learnt Unit 2. (我们已经学习了第二单元。)She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. (她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。) 而现在完成进行时则表示的是从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在,并且有可能还要进行下去的动作,具有未完成的特点,一般不与already或ever等连用。如:We have been learning Unit 2. 我们一直在学习第二单元。(没学完) 2. 现在完成时表示次性,现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,请看以下句子:I have met him at the library. (我在图书馆见过他。)I have been meeting him at the library. (我经常在图书馆看见她。) 3. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示刚刚结束的动作,但在含上有区别。现在完成时强调的是动作的结果,而现在完成进行时强调的则是动作的过程。如:We are very tired. Weve been cleaning the house. 我们很累,我们一直在打扫房子。(强调动作)Weve cleaned the house. You may come in now. 我们打扫过房子了,你可以进来了。(强调结果房子干净) 4. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实,而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。如:I have waited for two hours.我等了两个小时。(陈述事实) I have been waiting for two hours.我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦) 5. 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况；若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况,则通常用现在完成时。如:He has lived in Paris.他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性) 6. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时,但它们可以用于现在完成时。如:Ive only known her for two days.我认识她刚刚两天。Theyve been married for twenty years.他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争已经持续了很长时间。 7. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态,若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。如:The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days.这个问题已研究了五天。2013年高考英语知识点（4） 【词条1】raise 【点拨】vt. 可意为招募,筹措(金钱)。如:It voted to raise 100,000 troops immediately.He asked me to write a leaflet to raise money for Hope Schools.【拓展】raise还可意为举起；增加,提高；提出；抚养,饲养；引起。如:The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.The boss has promised to raise their pay.He was so angry as to raise his voice. The question was raised at the meeting. I was raised by my aunt on a farm.The discussion raised our interest.【辨析】raise rise两者都可以表示上升；增长之意,不同的是raise是及物动词,rise是不及物动词。如:On Monday morning, we were watching the children raising the national flag and we saw it rising slowly in the wind. 【词条2】regret【点拨】regret可用作动词,意为懊悔,惋惜；遗憾,后接名词、代词、that从句、不定式、动名词等。如:I regret my refusal to his invitation. I regret that I cant attend the party.We regret to inform you that you failed again. We have deeply regretted selling the farm.注意:其后接动词-ing形式和动词不定式时意思有区别。试体会:I regret to tell you that I have no news for you. (遗憾要做某事)I regret telling Tom the truth. (后悔做了某事)【拓展】regret也可作名词,意为遗憾,后悔；歉意。如:We decided with great regret that we couldnt offer you the position.feel no regret at对不感到遗憾much to ones regret使某人非常遗憾的是express ones regret at对表示遗憾【词条3】forgive【点拨】vt.vi.意为原谅,宽恕,常用于结构forgive sb. for sth. / doing sth.,也可以接双宾语。如:I will never forgive you for what youve ever done to me.Eventually, she forgave him the bad behavior.【拓展】forgiveness n.原谅,宽恕,饶恕forgiving adj. 宽大的,仁慈的 经典短语透视【短语1】keep in touch (with) 【点拨】keep in touch (with sb.)意为(与某人)保持联系,也可写作stay / be in touch (with sb.)。如:This is my card. Lets keep in touch. Ive kept in touch with most of my classmates in the middle school.【拓展】与touch相关的常见搭配还有:get in touch with与取得联系；lose touch with / be out of touch with与失去/ 没有联系。如:We have lost touch with John since we moved to Japan.Write to me as often as you can. I dont want to lose touch with you. 【短语2】knock over【点拨】knock over意为撞倒,击倒。如:A drunken driver knocked over nine people, causing five deaths.【拓展】与knock相关的短语还有:knock down打倒,推倒；knock off停止,中断；knock out击败,击倒。如:He knocked Tom down with one blow of his fist.We knocked off work for tea.Our team was knocked out in the first part of the competition.【短语3】make up【点拨】make up可意为和好。如:I found it hard to make up with Joan after we quarreled about the beautiful stamp.【拓展】make up还有以下常用意思:You shouldnt believe him. He is making the whole thing up. (编造)Whoever attends the ball is supposed to make up. (化妆)You must make up the work you missed. (补上)热点语法聚焦1. 非谓语动词的完成式having done的用法 非谓语动词的完成式having done表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。其否定式为not having done。如:Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. The question being discussed is very important. 2. 非谓语动词的-ing形式和to do形式的区别 有些动词既能接不定式,又能接-ing形式,含义有所不同。如: (1) forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作,而后接-ing形式作宾语表示动名词动作先于谓语动作。如:Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。(2) 动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接动名词和接不定式作宾语,意思也有所不同。如:I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。 (3) 动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作宾语,不可以接动词不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补足语。如:Please permit me to say a few words.请允许我说几句话。We dont permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。(4) 动词need, require, want作需要解时,后面接-ing分词或不定式被动式。如:These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。 (5) 动词like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性动作,多用-ing形式；如指特定的具体的某次动作,多用不定式。如:I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳,但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。2013年高考英语知识点（5） 【词条1】behave 【点拨】behave 用作不及物动词,意为(举止或行为)表现。如:She has been behaving very politely. 另外,behave还可意为举止得体；守规矩,常和反身代词连用。如:Cant you make your little child behave himself? 【拓展】well- / ill- / badly-behaved adj.表现得好的/不好的；behavior n.行为,举止如:He is thought to be a well-behaved child. She was ashamed of her childrens bad behavior. 【词条2】appeal 【点拨】appeal可用作名词,意为吸引力,感染力。如:Films of this sort have lost their appeal for me. 【拓展】1. appeal用作名词时,还可意为呼吁,请求。如:His appeal for forgiveness went unanswered. An appeal is being made for help for those who lost their homes in the earthquake.2. appeal还可用作动词, 意为引起兴趣；呼吁,请求,常跟介词to连用。如:Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you?The police are appealing to the public for any information about this. 【词条3】awake【点拨】awake 可用作形容词,意为醒着的。如:I have lain awake all night thinking over the problem.注意:awake是表语形容词,不能用于名词前作