牛津版 选修六 Unit 2 What is happiness to you Grammar 课件（38张PPT） (1).ppt

英语教学课件 高二 上 grammarandusage unit2whatishappinesstoyou 在前一个单元 我们回顾了非谓语动词在句子中充当主语 定语和宾语补足语时所表示的意义 以及他们在充当这些句子成分时的区别 这节课 我们接着学习非谓语动词的另一句法功能 作状语 objectives tolearntoidentifynon finiteverbsusedasadverbialstolearnthedifferencesbetweentoinfinitiveandverb ing verb edwhenusedasadverbialstolearndifferentformsofnon finiteverbs 非谓语 不定式todo 分词 动名词 ing 过去分词 ed 现在分词 ing 动词 ing形式 infinitive verb ingandverb ed non finiteverbsareoftenusedasadverbials whatarethehiddenmeaningsdotheyusuallyexpress arethereanydifferenceswhentheyareusedasadverbials dotheyhaveanyotherforms readthepointsonpage24 youwillfindtheanswers 动词不定式作状语 不定式作状语时 要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致 1 做目的状语可单独出现 或以inorderto 动词原形 soasto 动词原形等形式做目的状语 可置于句首 意为 为了 如 tocatchthebus youmustgetupearly inordertocatchthebus youmustgetupearlysoastocatch 2 做结果或程度状语常以enoughto或too to 等形式出现 并能转换成so that 句式 如 liumeiwasluckyenoughtoreceivemanybooksfromprojecthope liumeiwassoluckythatshereceivedmanybooksfromprojecthope hewastooyoungtoliftthatbox hewassoyoungthathecannotliftthatbox couldyoubesokindastoclosethewindow withpleasure iamsuchafoolastothinkthatsheisawarm heartedwoman hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadleft 3 做原因状语常用在sorry glad surprised pleased angry等词后说明产生这种情绪的原因 或表示没有预料到的 事与愿违的结果 不定式要放在句子的后面 若不定式为不及物动词 其后应加必要的介词 如 i msorrytohearaboutyourfailureonbusiness hewillbesogladtoseeyouhere 分词作状语 1 分词或分词短语作状语时 可以表示时间 原因 让步 条件 方式或伴随状语 通常可以转换成相应的状语从句 表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列或非限制性定语从句 如 putintouseinapril2000 whenitwasputintouseinapril2000 thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns 时间 blamedforthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork becauseshewasblamedforthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork alicewasinlowspirits 原因 giventime ifheisgiventime he llmakeafirst classtennisplayer 条件 weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys thinkingthatallchildrenlikethem andthinkthat 伴随 2 有时为了强调 分词前可带when while once if though although asif unless等连词一起作状语 以便句子的意思更清楚 更连贯 如 whencomparingdifferentcultures weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities thoughtired hestillcontinuedreading 3 现在分词和过去分词作状语时区别 不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语 其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致 分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句 如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为被动结构 就用过去分词 如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为主动结构 就用现在分词 例如 whencomparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall 分词部分相当于whenthebiggestoceaniscomparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth 主语与分词是被动关系 whencomparingitwiththesizeofthewholeearth wefindthatthebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall whenwecompareitwiththesizeofthewholeearth 主语与分词是主动关系 4 现在分词的两种时态 一般式doing 通常指与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或无先后顺序 完成式havingdone则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作 如 whilewalkinginthestreet wemetsomefriendsofours 同时发生 havingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhour tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome 等待 在先 5 分词完成式的两种语态 主动语态havingdone 被动语态havingbeendone havingbeentrappedintraffic hewaslateforwork 6 分词的否定式的构成 not 分词 nothavingreceivedareply hedecidedtowriteagain notrepairedwell thewashingmachinestoppedworkingagain 7 分词的独立主格结构是分词的一种特殊形式 在句中作状语 在分词的独立主格结构中 名词或代词同其后的分词在逻辑上有主谓关系时用现在分词 在逻辑上有动宾关系时用过去分词 在独立主格结构中 如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前 常用现在分词完成时态表示 如 wintercoming it sgettingcolderandcolder winter和come是逻辑主谓关系 moremoneygiven weshouldhavesentmoreemployeestothemothercompanytogettrained 句中money与give是动宾关系 所以用过去分词 thesnowhavingstopped shewentouttosweepthesnowintheyard 强调分词动作发生在先 注 在独立结构中 现在分词的完成式有时可以简化成过去分词 hisworkhavingbeenfinished hisworkfinished hewenthome 8 一些习惯表达作插入语 起评注说明的作用 用法固定 不必考虑逻辑上的关系 常用的有 generallyspeaking considering given supposingthat talkingof seeingthat 鉴于 等 eg consideringeverything itwasn tabadholiday supposingthattherewaswar whatwouldyoudo summarizetheusageofnon finiteverbs reflectiontime toinfinitivecanbeusedtoexpress whenitisusedasanadverbialinasentence 2 verb ingorverb edcanbeusedtoexpress whenusedasadverbialsinsentences 3 theperfectformofverb ingis andthepassiveformis thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool theirlessons fortheday a finishingb finishedc hadfinishedd werefinished exercises 2 someofficials napoleoninspectedhisarmy a followedb followedbyc beingfollowedd havingbeenfollowed3 therewasaterriblenoise thesuddenburstoflight a followedb followingc tobefollowedd beingfollowed 4 liquidscanbechangedintogases a heatingb tobeheatedc heatedd heat5 don tusewords expressions orphrases onlytopeoplewithspecialknowledge a beingknownb havingbeenknownc tobeknownd known 6 inthought healmostranintothecarinfront a losingb havinglostc lostd tolose7 suchheavypollutionalready itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver a havingsufferedb sufferingc tosufferd suffered 8 thevisitorexpressedhissatisfaction thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere a havingaddedb toaddc addingd added9 theboylayontheground hiseyes andhishands a beingclosed tremblingb closed tremblingc closed trembledd closing trembled 10 unless tospeak youshouldremainsilentatthemeeting a invitedb beinginvitedc havinginvitedd beinginvited11 though money hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity a lackedb lackingofc lackingd lackedin 12 theweather sobad wehadtoputthegameoff a wasb isc wered being13 thecountryhasalreadysentup3unmannedspacecrafts themostrecent attheendoflastmarch a hasbeenlaunchedb havingbeenlaunchedc beinglaunchedd tobelaunched quizii 同义转换 每空一词 1 theboxissoheavythatican tcarryit theboxis heavy carry theboxisnot formetocarry 2 themathsproblemissodifficultthatican tworkitout themathsproblemis difficult workout too formeto lightenough too formeto 3 ifiwasgivenmoretime icoulddoitmuchbetter moretime icoulddoitmuchbetter 4 asaleaguemember heisalwayshelpingothers heisalwayshelpingothers given beingaleaguemember if 加热 toahightemperature waterwillchangeintovapour 从太空望去 theearthisawater coveredglobe 在她的话的鼓励下 theboysaidsorrytohisteacher quiziii completethesentences heated seenfr