2012年职称英语教材(理工类)完形填空新增内容.doc

2012年职称英语教材（理工类）完形填空新增内容第三篇：Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of1：yuan in China，pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Australia and New ZealandThey may use2currencies，but these countries，and probably all countries，still have onething in common：Germs on the banknotesScientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 yearsAt the turn of the20th3，some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spreadiseaseMost studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency4countryIn a new study，Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different5Vriesekoopis a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in AustraliaHe led the study，which compared the germ populations found on money6from 10 nationsThe scientistsstudied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets,street vendors and cafes,7those businesses often rely on cash.Overall，the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteriano more than 10 per squarecentimeterChinese yuan had the mostabout 100 per square centimeterMost of the germs onmoney probably would not cause harmWhat we call “paper money” usually isnt made from paperThe USdollar，for example，In print on fabric that is mostly8Different countries may use different9to print their moneySome of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his10，such as theAmerican dollar，were made from cottonOthers were made from polymersThethree11with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymersThey included the Australian dollar，the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesosThe other currencies were printed on fabric made12ofcotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that13have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on moneyandwhether or not we need to be concernedVriesekoop is now starting a study that will14the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of billsWhatever Vriesekoop finds，the fact remains：Paper money harbors germsWe should washour1 5after touching it after all, you never know where your moneys beenOr whatsliving on it第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes，macaroni and cheese，may be bad for your arteries1according to a study inPsychological Science，theyre good for your heart and2The study focuses on“comfort food”and how it makes people feel“For me3，food has always played a big role in my family，”says Jordan Troisi, agraduate student at the University of Buffalo，and lead author on the studyThe study came outof the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has4non-human things thatmay affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their5TVshow，building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect6making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest.In one experiment，in order to make7feel lonely，the researchers had them write forsix minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutralwriting assignmentThen，some people in each8wrote about the experience of eating acomfort food and others wrote about eating a new food9，the researchers hadparticipants10questions about their levels of lonelinessWriting about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who weregenerally11intheir relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food“We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us”says Troisi“Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others”In12essays on comfort food，many people wrote about the13of eating food with family and friendsInanother experiment，14chicken soup in the lab made people think more aboutrelationships，but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a questionthey had been asked long before the experiment，along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember itThroughout everyones daily lives they experience stress，often associated with our15with others，“Troisi says”Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness练习：1AbutB ifC thoughD while2ApersonalityB movementC emotionsDwill3AprivatelyB usefullyC awfullyD personally4Alooked forB looked atClooked afterDlooked up5AfavoriteB trustfulC boringD annoying6AwithB onC byD at7AprofessorsB participantsC assistantsDscientists8AgroupB classC section D part9APreviouslyB FormallyC InitiallyD Finally10ArememberB explainCrewriteDcomplete11AsadB secureC shyD angry12AyourB ourC hisD their13AaccidentB harmC experienceDmodel14AeatingB exchangingC buyingD keepingl 5AexpressionsB estimationC cooperation Dconnections第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examlnation of urban policies has been1recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and2developmentShe warns thatmany of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely sufferfrom the impacts of changing climateHer work aso concludes that most cities are failing to3emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse4These gasesare knownto affect the atmosphere“Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world，”says Romero Lankao“But too few cities are developing effectivestrategies to5their residents.Cities are6sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate changeLankaos findingshighlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable，and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term7The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populatlons at greater risk for natural disastersPotential8associated with climate include storm surges andprolonged hot weatherStorm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weathe can heat9paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causingwidespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods thatmay10basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especiallyvnlnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing11access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments，12，should take measures to protect their residents.“Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric13meaningful responses，Romero Lankao writes“They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needsThey dont emphasize mass transit and reduce14use. ln fact，many localgovernmentsare takinga handsoffapproach”Thus，she urges them tochangetneir15policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.1A carry alongB carried awayC carried outD carried back2A economicB industrialCruralD urban3A reduceB increaseC studyD measure4A cropsB gasesC fruitsD Plant55A educateB evaluateC protectD identify6A doubtfulB possibleC repeatableD major7A usesB chancesC curesD benefits8A threatsB interestsC functionsD differences9A locallyB heavilyC suddenlyD mildlyl0A provideB improveC lackD update11A withoutB withC inD on12AmoreoverB thereforeC howeverD though13A other thanB more thanC less thanD rather than14A trainBautomobileCbusDbike15A idleB smartC busyD secure第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of1so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food，researchers at Imperial College London2ina newstudyStatins reduce the3of unhealthy“LDL”cholesterol in the bloodA wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack4In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is5to offset the increase in heart attack risk from6acheeseburger and drinking a milkshakeDr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study，said：“Statins dont cut out a11 of the7effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your8of having a heart attack，taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same9as a fast food meal increases it”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets asthey10，but statins，which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribedIt makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that arel 1free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per1 2一not much different to a sachet of sugar。”Dr Francis saidWhen people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking，theyre encouraged to take13that lower their risk, 1ike14aseatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filtersTaking a statin is a rational way of1 5some of the risks of eating a fatty meal练习：1A changeB chargeC chain D chance2A trustB decideCsuggest Dcalculate3AnumberBamountCvolume D product4AfrequencyB treatmentC diagnosis Drisk5A severeBenoughC weak D active6A buyingB preparingC eatingD cooking7AunhealthyBstrongC different D doubtful8AexaminationBsufferingC determination D possobility9A degreeB dimensionC angle D range10A useB hateC reject D like11A transportedB providedC preserved Dconvened12AcookB patientCcustomer Dvisitor1 3AmeasuresBcareCadvantages D turns14A buyingB wearingC cleaning D changing1 5A increasingBfindingC lowering D taking第十三篇Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered byUniversityofMichiganresearchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an“optical1，”said Stephen Rand，a professorin the departments ofElectrical Engineering and Computer Science，Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magnetic componentsUntil now，scientists thought the2ofthe magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignoredWhat Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity，when light is traveling through a material that does not conductelectricitythe light field can generate magnetic effects that are 1 00 million times stronger than3expected4these circumstances，the magnetic effects develop strengthequivalent to a strong electric effect“This couId lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation，”Rand said“In solar cells，the5goes into a material，getsabsorbed and creates heatHere, we expect to have a very low heat loadInstead of the lightbeing absorbed，energy is stored in the magnetic momentIntense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power6.”What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification ,” says William Fisher, a doctoral studentin applied physicsIn traditional optical rectification，lights electric field causes a charge separation，or a pulling7of the positive and negative charges in a materialThis sets up a voltage，similar to8ina batteryRand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials，thelights magnetic field can also create optical rectificationThe light must be shone through a9that does not1 0electricity，such as glassAnd it must be focused to anintensity of 10 million watts per square centimeterSunlight isnt this intense on its own，but newmaterials are being sought that would work at lower intensities，Fisher said.“In our most recent paper，we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almostas1lin producing charge separation as laser light is，”Fisher said.This new1 2could make solar power cheaper，the researchers sayThey predict thatwith improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency13solar power touseable energyThats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.“ Tomanufacture1 4solar cells，you have to do extensive semiconductorprocessing” Fisher said“A11 we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it.Glass works for15Its already made in bulk，and it doesnt require as muchprocessingTransparent ceramics might be even better”练习：lAmicroscopeBinstrumentCfiberD battery2A modificationsB effectsC applicationsD results3A frequentlyB privatelyC previouslyD formally4A UnderB AtC OnD Over5A lightB electricityC chemicalD magnetism6A plantB equipmentC sourceD line7A downB upC togetherD apart8A thisB thatC those D it9A materialB lensC meterD detectorl0A produceB conveyC useD conduct11A remoteB poorC effectiveD rare12A prototypeBskillC techniqueD miracle13A convertingB obtainingC deliveringD transmitting14AcompactBmodernC durable D handy15A othersB someC all D both第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone earthquake inJapancaused a significant 1evel of soil“liquefaction”that has surprised researchers with its1severity, a new analysis shows“Weve seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before，but the distance and2of damage in Japan were unusually severe，”said Scott Ashford，a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University“Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments”Ashford said“The shifts in soil destroyed water，drain and gas pipelines，crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to3We saw some places that sank as much as four feet”Some degree of soil liquefactionis common in almost any major earthquakeItsaphenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand，can lose much of their4and flow during an earthquakeThis can allow structures to shift or sink or5.But most earthquakes are much6than the recent event in Japan，Ashford saidThelength of the Japanese earthquake，as much as five minutes，may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this“With such a long-lasting earthquake，we saw7structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes，”he said“And it was clea th younger sediments，and especially areas built on8filled ground，are much more vulnerable”The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake，researchers said，should make itpossible to improve the understanding of this soil9and better prepare for it in the futureAshford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly，10damage was removed in the recovery ef