牛津英语高二教材重点知识.doc

牛津英语高二第一册1. Skiing is my favourite sport, even though I have only skied for four days in my whole life!skiing：动名词作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。如：Collecting coins has cost him a large sum of money. 该句的主语是collecting coins，而不是coins，故谓语动词是has cost。even though：同义词为even if。意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句。而as if / as though意为“似乎”，引导方式状语从句。如：He seems as if he has got the news. 意为“他看上去似乎已经得到消息了”。Even though the Japan quake has caused severe damage, the victims are still optimistic. 意为“尽管日本地震造成了严重的损失，灾民还是很乐观”。2. And, despite the expense, he did.Despite：介词，意为“尽管”，后接名词或名词性短语或名词性从句。同义词为 in spite of。如：In spite of/ Despite the bad weather, the meeting was held as planned.意为“尽管天气很糟糕，会议还是按计划召开了”。此句还可用though/ although来表达，但需接句子。Though the weather was bad, the meeting was held as planned.特别注意In spite of 和Despite 后接句子从句的表达。如：In spite of/ Despite the fact that he is ill, he competed in the race.此处需接同位语从句，因为介词后是不加that引导的从句的。又如，Despite/ In spite of what he said, they decided to carry out the plan.此处接的是宾语从句。Expense：意为“开销，代价”。词组at the expense/cost of意为“以为代价”。3. How about a weekend at the Botanical Gardens?how about：意为“做某事如何”，一般用于提出建议，类似表达有What about doing sth.? 4. I think you ought to keep your word.keep your word：意为“遵守你的诺言”，此处word为不可数名词，作不可数名词时，word还有“消息”之意，如Word came that the meeting had been cancelled. 消息传来会议取消了。含有word的词组还有：have a word with sb.与某人说句话；have words with sb.与某人争吵；in a word简而言之；in other words换句话说。5. My dream was to see some real snow.was to see：为be 动词加不定式作表语。用不定式作表语一般表示将要达成的动作。如：His plan is to achieve a great success in the near future.6. I was dying to get out and play with it!be dying to do sth.：意为“迫不及待做某事”。7. We reached the resort and quickly scrambled out of the bus.scramble：意为“争夺”，词组为scramble for sth.抢夺某物 ; scramble to do sth. 争着做;scramble into the classroom/ out of the classroom争着进入/跑出教室。8. We picked it up, made snowballs, and threw them at each other!此处三个接连发生的动作都用一般过去式，在第一个动作后用逗号，并在第二个动作后用and连接。需注意：We picked it up, making snowballs.此处用现在分词making。或，We picked it up and made snowballs.pick up：此处意为“捡起”，还有“（非正式）学会”，如pick up some French；还有意为“用车接某人”，如pick you up at five oclock。9. Then we checked in at the hotel.check in：意为“登记入住”，如check in at the hotel，反义词组为check out。 10. Our room overlooked one of the ski slopes.overlook：意为“俯视”，还有“忽视”之意，如overlook the spelling mistakes。11. We could not wait to try it ourselves.cant wait to do sth.意为“迫不及待地某事”。12. You should not ski alone in case you fall and get injured.alone：副词“单独的”，还有“只有，唯独”，如Tom only is responsible for the accident.只有汤姆一个人为这件事负责。Lonely，形容词，意为“寂寞的”，Living in a big city can be very lonely.in case：意为“以免”，后接从句，从句中用一般现在时。如：Take an umbrella in case it rains.= Take an umbrella in case of rain. 可见，后接名词的话，需用in case of。需注意in the case of 意为“在的个案中”。Fat people usually eat a lot, but it is not true in the case of Mary.13. To be honest, that first lesson was not a great success, and I kept on falling down.to be honest：不定式作目的状语，意为“为了”。需注意不可用for doing sth.的结构。keep on doing sth.：= go on doing sth.继续做，含有keep的词组还有keep sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做，keep doing sth.一直做，keep up with sb. 不落于人后，keep an eye on sth.照看，留意。14. The instructor congratulated me.congratulate：意为“祝贺”，词组为congratulate sb. (on sth.) 名词Congratulation。15. Nevertheless, it was all over too soon.nevertheless：意为“但是”，同义词为however和nonetheless。需注意这两个此均是副词，只可用在句中作状语。而but是连词，可以连接两句并列的句子。16. The first modern Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896.hold：此处意为“召开”，还有“持某一观点”，如A lot of people hold the view that criminals are not punished severely enough.很多人认为对于罪犯的惩罚还不够严厉。含有hold的词组还有hold the line不挂断电话，hold back抑制，hold on别挂断，稍等。Hold也可作名词，take hold of sth.抓住17. “Athletics” refers to sports in four areas.refer to：意为“提到，说到，涉及”。如，Dont be upset. He wasnt referring to you. 意为“不要感到不安，他没在说你。”需注意refer的过去分词和现在分词需双写r。refer to还可意为“参考”。如，If you dont know what this means, refer to the dictionary.意为“如果你不清楚意思，可查阅字典。”18. In order to win a track event, a person needs to go faster than everyone else.in order to do sth. ：意为“为了”。可出现在句首或句中。但同义词so as to do sth.只可出现在句中，故此处不可用so as to 来替换。Need：可作为实义动词也可作为情态动词。实义动词的基本形式为need to do sth.，可用在肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，需考虑人称和数的变化，也需考虑时态变化。而情态动词的基本形式为need do sth.只可用在否定句和疑问句中。如，He neednt come today.=He doesnt need to come today. Need he come today? = Does he need to come today?19. Field events, however, test how high or far someone can jump in events such as the long jump or high jump.such as：表例举。此处的结构可以转换成such events as the long jump or high jump.20. Athletes are required to compete in a series of competitions from each category.require：意为“要求”。用法为require sb. to do sth.或require that sb. (should) do sth.后接宾语从句需用(should)+动词原形。如The teacher required us to be quiet. The teacher required that we (should) be quiet.相应的该句如改成表语从句，同位语从句的话，也应用虚拟语气，The teachers requirement was that we should be quiet.（表语从句）The teachers requirement that we should be quiet was accepted by us. (同位语从句) 相同用法的单词还有：demand, order, command，advise，suggest, propose等。另外，还需注意require 后接名词或非谓语作宾语的形式。The baby needs food/ feeding/ to be fed.从例句可见，动名词形式是用主动形式表达被动含义的，不定式则直接用被动语态表达。在此种情况下require的同义词还有need（实义动词）, want，它们用法相同。21. The decathlon involves ten different athletics events that take over two days.involve：意为“卷入，涉入，参与”。基本用法为involve sb. (in sth.)，可转换为Sb. be/get involved (in sth./ with sb.)。如，He was involved in the scandal.他被卷入了这起丑闻。The scandal involves many influential officials. 这起丑闻设计很多有影响力的官员。又如，Its hard for nurses to be objective about their patients if they become too emotionally involved with them.护士对病人太动感情就难以客观处理问题。22. All Olympic sports are equal in importance.equal：意为“相等”，形容词用法为A be equal (to B.) (in C)；动词用法为A equals B。 23. Athletics is in many ways, the best picture of the Olympic motto.picture：“画”，词组the picture of sth.意为“完美的例子”，picture还有“形象”之意，如，The book gives a good picture of life in England 200 years ago.这本书形象地描写了英国二百年前的生活。24. The desire of humanity to do better is what the Olympics are all about.desire：名词，意为“渴望”，如，a desire for fame，have the desire to see family member，也可作动词，如，We all desire happiness.25. My command of English has improved mand：词组have (a) good command of English意为“精通英语”。Command 还可等同于order，意为“命令”。如，The officer commanded his men to fire.或The officer commanded that his men (should) fire.可见command后所接的宾语从句需用(should) do sth.的虚拟形式。26. The City Mirror Newspaper asked readers to write about their experiences and opinions regarding tutorial centres.experience：可数名词，意为“经历”，不可数名词意为“经验”，还可以作为动词，意为“经历”，如She is experiencing a few difficulties at work these days.形容词为experienced,意为“有经验的”。regarding：意为“关于”，同义词组with regard to，as regards。Regard 可以作为名词，意为“尊敬，注意”，如，The reports pay little regard to the fact.报告不大顾及事实。也可以复数形式出现，意为“问候”，如，Please give my best regards to your wifel.作为动词，regard sb. as.+n./adj.意为“把某人视作”。27. My tutors are all qualified teachers.qualify：意为“使某人有资格成为”。基本用法为Sth. qualify sb. to do sth./ as / for如，The training qualified me to be a teacher./ as a teacher./ for the job.需注意的是，qualify后需加sb.作宾语。通常还可以用在被动句中。如，She is qualified to do/ as/ for28. At first, I could not say anything to her.at first：意为“起先，最初”，含有“后面情况发生变化”之意。For the first time在句中作状语。The first time I saw her, I fell in love with her. = When I saw her for the first time, I fell in love with her. 可见作为时间状语从句连词的The first time=When sb. did sth. for the first time.29. I think that the tutorial centre has given me a lot of confidence in using English.confidence：意为“自信”，常见用法为have confidence in sth./ doing sth. 或是be confident of sth.30. In my opinion, it is better to spend more time on school work than to waste money at a “money-making” tutorial centre.It better to do A than to do B.：意为“与其做A不如做B”， 相似的句型还有You had better do sth.意为“你最好做”。money-making tutorial centre：此处想在分词用作定语修饰其后的tutorial centre。找出关键词make与被其修饰的tutorial centre之间的关系，确定其为主动关系，用现在分词修饰。相似的结构还有peace-loving country, man-eating plant。当确定关键词与名词是被动关系时则用过去分词修饰，如man-made satellite, well-educated gentleman。31. I have been attending a tutorial centre for two months.attend：意为“参加”，attend to sb. /sth.意为“照顾，处理”。32. Then I asked all my friends for their advice.ask：常用词组为ask after sb.问候某人，ask for sb.想与某人谈话，ask (sb.) for sth.要求得到某物。advice：意为“建议”，为不可数名词，表达“一条建议”时用a piece of advice,同义词suggestion为可数名词。这两个单词引导的表语从句和同位语从句需用(should)+动词原形。如，His suggestion/advice that more people should enrolled was turned down by the manager.此句为同位语从句，意为他的需要招募更多人的建议被经理拒绝了。His suggestion/advice was that more people should be enrolled.此句为表语从句，意为他的建议是应该招募更多的人。33. As a result of their recommendations, I enrolled on a course at another centre.as a result of sth.：意为“由于”，相当于because of。As a result 也可作为一个副词短语出现在句中，意为“结果”。Result还可作动词用，词组result in相当于lead to，意为“导致”，而result from则相当于be caused by，意为“由于”。如，Her tiredness resulted from lack of sleep.她的劳累因缺少睡眠而引起的。The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.事故导致两名乘客死亡。enroll：意为“注册”，词组enroll (sb.) in/ on the course。34. The key factor is yourself.factor：意为“因素”，常见用法为the factor of sth./ ones doing sth. 如“他被选为小组长的关键因素”可译为the key factor of his being selected as group leader 35. Independent learning is one solution for those who want to continue their education, but have no time for it.independent ：意为“独立的”，词组为be independent of sth.其反义词为dependent on/upon sth. 动词词组depend on意为“依赖，取决于”。solution：此处意为“解决方法”，词组为solution to the problem.动词为solve。36. It is often described as “a class of one”.describe sb./ sth. as：意为“把描述为”。名词为description，词组beyond description意为“无法描述，难以形容”。37. You study at your own pace.pace：意为“节奏”，词组at ones own pace以某人自己的节奏，at a slow pace慢节奏的，keep pace with sth.与保持一致。38. Your teacher reads your papers and makes comments.paper：此处为可数名词，意为“试卷，论文”。comment：名词，意为“评论”，词组make comments (on/about sth.)也可作动词，词组为comment on/about sth.或comment that+从句。39. Your marks are recorded by the school before they are mailed back to you.record：此处为动词，意为“记录”，还可作名词，如set/break a new world record。40. You can learn on your own.on your own：意为“独立地”，of ones own意为“属于某人自己的”。41. This allows the teacher and the students to see and communicate with each other at the same time.allow：意为“允许”，常见用法为allow sb. to do sth. 和 allow doing sth. 分别是不定式作宾语补语和动名词作宾语。用法相似的词还有advise(建议)，permit(允许)和forbid(禁止)。communicate：意为“交流”时，是不及物动词，如communicate with sb.与某人交流；意为“传达”时，是及物动词，如communicate my wishes to you把我的祝福转告给你。42. Independent learning gives you the freedom to adapt your learning to your lifestyle.freedom：意为“自由”，词组the freedom to do sth.动词为free，词组free sb.意为为“释放某人”，相当于set sb. free，在这个词组中free则是形容词。同时，free还可作为副词，意为“免费地”，如buy sth. free= buy sth. free of charge。注意，副词freely意为“自由地”。adapt：意为“适应”，常用搭配为adapt (oneself) to sth./ doing 如He adapted （himself）to the new culture. 他适应了新的文化。当意为“修改”时，常用搭配为adapt sth. (for sth.) (to do sth.) 如The machine was adapted for new requirement.为了适应新的要求，机器被改装了。当意为“改编”时，常用搭配为Sb. adapt sth. (from sth.) (for sth.) 如Webber adapted the story from a novel for the musical. 韦伯把这个故事从小说改编成了音乐剧。形容词为adaptable，名词为adaptation。需注意，adopt意为“领养，采纳”，如adopt a child，adopt a policy43. It requires self-discipline and hard work.require：意为“要求”，词组为 require (sb.) sth./ to do sth.还可意为“需要”，如，The flower requires watering.= The flower requires to be watered.在require引导的宾语从句中需用should+动词原形的虚拟形式。如，The school requires that all the students (should) wear uniforms.44. By fashion, we usually mean popular trends in style to dress.mean：意为“意味着”，常见用法为mean sth./ doing sth (by doing sth.)如What do you mean by waving your hand?意为“想要做”，常见用法为mean to do sth.如He meant to turn left. 45. When we go out or to a party, we usually like to wear fashionable clothes.wear：意为“穿着”，延续性动词，相当于be dressed in，put on意为“穿上”，为结束性动词。clothes：复数形式，泛指一般所穿的衣服，如a clothes shop。Cloth作不可数名词意为“布料”，作可数名词意为“桌布”。Clothing为不可数名词，表达“一件衣服”用a piece of clothing.46. To illustrate my talk, I have brought along five objects.illustrate：意为“说明,用图例说明”，常见用法为illustrate sth. with sth.如， illustrate the topic with examples，举例说明观点。a well-illustrated textbook 有精美插图的书。名词形式为illustration。bring along：意为“带来”。object：此处意为“物品”。也可作名词，意为“反对”，词组为object to sth.或object that+从句。如，Some people object to the plan.有些人反对这个计划。He objected that he was not suitable for the job.他表示反对说他不适合这个工作。objection为名词，意为“反对”，词组为objection to sth.47. Its my most expensive piece of clothing, and I love it. It cost me $200.cost：意为“花费”，及物动词。常见用法为sth. cost (sb.) $200. 同义词为spend，常见用法为 sb. spend $200 on sth./ (in) doing sth.48. I could afford it with my own savings.afford：一般和情态动词can搭配，意为能够承受。如I cant afford the car.也可接动词不定式作宾语，如I cant afford to lose the job.savings：意为“储蓄”，相似的单词还有belongings意为“个人物品”。49. The organizers wanted to show him some famous sights.sights：意为“景点”，可数名词，常见用法如go sightseeing去观光。还可意为“视野”，at first sight 乍一看； catch sight of看见某物，in (within) sight / out of sight在视野范围之内。50. But he did not appreciate old buildings.appreciate：意为“欣赏，感激”，常见用法为appreciate sth. /doing sth. 如， appreciate foreign literature 欣赏外国文学。I really appreciate your helping me / your timely help. 我非常感激你及时的帮助。常用句型为I would appreciate it very much if you could .如果您能帮我做某事，我将不甚感激。名词形式为appreciation。51. He just spent all his time searching for the coolest pair of trainers.search：意为“寻找”。词组search (someplace) for something 及in search of sth.。如，search the bus for the wallet。52. It was a waste of time and money.waste：意为“浪费”，既可作动词也可作名词。用法为It is a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间。也可用sb. waste time/money doing sth. 某人浪费时间/金钱做某事。53. It belongs to one of my mums friends.belong：意为“属于”，不及物动词，搭配为sth. belongs to sb.54. In the 1960s, these were very fashionable.in the 1960s: 意为“在二十世纪六十年代”。In his thirties 在他三十几岁时。55. Women wore wigs much less often.wear：此处表示“穿戴”。其他用法还有wear makeup 化妆，wear a necklace戴项链，wear a carnation 佩戴一朵康乃馨，wear long hair 留长发，wear a worried look面露担忧的神色，wear a new coat穿新衣。much：修饰比较级，意为“得多”其它修饰比较级的此还有a bit, a little, rather, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等。56. Hundreds of workers lost their jobs, which was terrible!which：引导非限制性定语从句。整个主句作为先行成分。非限制性定语从句只可用which引导，不可用that。该句可改为Hundreds of workers lost their jobs, and it was terrible.57. Fashion can affect the natural world, as well.affect：及物动词，“影响”。名词为effect，词组为have a great effect on sth.对有很大作用。形容词为effective。58. Luckily, these hats went out of style.style：意为“款式”。词组go out of style= go out of fashion 意为“不再流行”反义词为come into fashion/style。59. We should remember the saying, “Never judge a book by its cover”.saying：意为“谚语”。“正如谚语所云，孰能生巧”可译为As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.judge：意为“评论”，此句可译为“不要以貌取人”。常用搭配有judge sb. by/from sth.根据判断。Judging from/by sth.作为独立结构，置于句首，意为“由判断”。如，Judging from his accent, he comes from the South. 由他的口音判断，他来自南方。 60. She spent all her life helping poor people in India.spend：意为“花费”，词组为spend time/money on sth./ in doing sth.61. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.award：意为“颁发”，词组用法和give 相似，即award sb. sth. 和award sth. to sb.而reward意为“酬谢”，词组用法为reward sb./sth. (with sth.) (for sth.)。如，The boy rewarded me with a big smile for my help.孩子对我的帮助回报以一个大大的笑容。62. This reminds us that fashion is not the most important thing in life.remind：意为“提醒”。词组为remind sb. of sth., remind sb. to do sth.,remind sb. that 从句。63. Since this new programme has proved to be a good way to promote safety and ve：此处为不及物动词，意为“结果是,证明是”，用法与含义与turn out相似，即 sb./sth. proves (to be) +n./adj.或是It proves that+从句。如，“这个新方法证明是有效的”，可译为The new method proves (to be) effective.或It proves that the new method is effective. 需注意的是，prove 还可以作及物动词，意为“证实某物”，符合主谓宾的句式，sb. proves sth. 如，The scientist proved the theory.“科学家证实了这个理论。”64. The introduction of school uniforms has helped reduce school roduction：意为“引进，介绍”。词组the introduction of school uniform校服的引入。动词为introduce，词组introduce A to B把A介绍给B。65. Much of school violence is linked to the wearing of gang colours.be linked to sth.：意为“与相关”，同义词组还有be related to, be associated with, be connected with等。66. The number of fights decreased by 40 percent.decrease：意为“下降”，同义词为reduce，反义词为increase.如需表达上升下降的幅度，需用介词by。如The number of students has increased by 50 percent from 200 to 300. 67. Uniforms also send a message that students are at school to study, not to play.此处message后所接的从句是同位语从句。同位语从句属于名词性从句，如名词性从句中缺少主语或宾语则用what/ who(m)引导，如缺少时间状语则用when，缺少地点状语则用where，缺少方式状语则用how，缺少原因状语则用why，如果不缺任何成分则用that，在宾语从句中that可以省略。68. These things help raise the academic level of the students.raise：及物动词，此处意为“提高”，常用搭配还有raise money for the victim in the quake “为地震灾民筹款” ，raise cattle “饲养牛”，raise a question “提出问题”，raise a child“抚养孩子”，raise a hand “举手”，academic：意为“学术的，学业的”。“学习表现”可译为academic performance，名词为academics。69. This new trend has met strong resistance from many parents, some of whom angrily complain that uniforms keeps students from showing their individuality.trend：意为“趋势”，词组为the trend to/towards smaller families.家庭变小的趋势，the latest trend in fashion时尚界的最新趋势。resistance：意为“反抗”，词组为resistance from sb./sth来自于的抵抗。动词为resist，词组为resist sth./doing sth.如，I cant resist laughing.我禁不住笑了起来。形容词为resistant，如a water-resistant watch= a water-proof watch一块防水手表。complain：意为“抱怨”，词组为complain to sb. about sth.或complain to sb. that+从句。名词为complaint，词组为make complaints about sth.keep：词组keep sb. from doing sth.意为阻止某人作某事。70. A few parents have even gone to court to stop school uniforms from being introduced. go to court：意为“起诉，打官司”，当名词表达其功能时在有些搭配中是不加定冠词的，如，go to school“去上学”，go to hospital“去看病”，in prison,“坐牢”，go to church“做礼拜”。stop：此处为及物动词，意为“阻止”，常见用法为stop sb. (from) doing sth., 同义词有prevent sb. (from) doing sth., keep sb. from doing。特别注意keep sb. doing意为“一直让某人做某事”。此外，stop to do sth.意为“停下来做某事”，stop doing sth.意为“停止做某事”。71. It is unlikely that uniforms will ever be adopted nationwide.unlikely：形容词，意为“不可能”，反义词为likely。句型有It is likely that+从句。或是，Sb. is likely to do sth.某人有可能要做某事，Sb. is likely to have done sth.某人有可能已经做了某事，Sb. is likely to be doing sth. 某人有可能正在做某事。如，我的朋友有可能已经到上海了，可译为M