中考英语阅读理解指导与训练.doc

中考英语阅读理解指导与训练 （中考复习专项阅读理解专项） 整理：李裕银老师中考考前复习方法指导 在中考前的一个月中，除了根据学校老师的安排进行总复习外，同学们自己复习英语时如何才能少走弯路呢？笔者提出三条建议。逐个消灭弱项每位考生要静下心来，对自己作一个客观的评估，找出自己的弱项，缺什么补什么。一般来说，到现在为止，自己的弱项不会太多。即使有较多的弱项，也要找最弱的先补习。可以先注意词汇的复习。词汇掌握好坏与听力、语法、阅读、选择及写作均有直接的关系，建议考生先把要求掌握的单词词组认真筛选几遍，巩固拼写与词义，然后复习一下单词的种种变化和用法。以单词c are为例，它可以做名词，也可以做动词，其形容词形式有c areful与c areless，再可以变为副词形式carefully和carelessly，而careless又有其名词形式c arelessness等，这些不同的形式在句子中又有着不同的用法。如：1、You should take care of your -self.（名词）2、I dont care for smoking.（动词）3、Be carefu l when you cross the street.（形容词）4、Som e careless person has broken the glass.（形容词）5、Walk carefully，or you may fall.（副词）在英语的十大词类中，动词无疑是最为活跃的词类之一。动词是构成句子的重要组成部分，它有谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别，有及物动词和不及物动词的区别，有瞬间动词和延续动词的区别，有主动语态和被动语态的区别和时态的区别。动词又可以与其他的词搭配构成丰富多彩的词组。以m ake为例：m ake friends with sb.（与交朋友），m ake a film（拍电影），make mistakes（犯错），m ake a noise（吵闹），make a fire（生火），make money（挣钱），make progress（取得进步），make use of（利用）以及由make构成被动语态的多种用法，如：be made of，be made from，be made by，be made for ，be made in，be made upof等，希望考生要弄清以上这些问题。每天朗读课文每天要听510分钟的英语录音来维持和提高听力水平。要坚持每天朗读一两篇课文，要通过听与读来巩固语感，保持对英语听力的敏感性。参加中考的学生大多会感到最难的莫过于完形填空，因为完形填空不仅从阅读的语言知识上对考生的应用能力进行考察，而且还需要考生有较好的语感和较广的知识面。做完形填空切忌急于求成。考生要先通览全文，大致了解文章的体裁、内容、情节的发展或前因后果。面对空格中要填写的单词可以先做试探性的猜测，然后逐句细读，根据上下文意思选取语法正确，意思贴切的单词填入。如果给了首个字母，范围就更缩小了。对于把握不大的空格，可以先搁置一下往下读，说不定答案就在下文中呢！完形填空的成功建立在足够的词汇量，熟练的语言表达能力，正确的语法知识和较广的知识面的基础上的。如：The them e of the 2010Shanghai World Expo is“Betty City，Better 1”.This them e is2of new ideas .The World Expo is known 3the Econom ic Olym pics.when held in Shanghai in2010，it will give much to the development of Shanghai .At 450million visitors 5around the world will com e to the sixmonth exhibi-tion in2010，we Chinese people should do our 6in preparation for Expo2010.在这篇完形填空文章中，第一空考查每一位考生对2010上海世博的主题是否了解，应填l ife。第二空是一个词组be full of，第三空考查be known as的用法。第四空at least有“至少”的意思，第五空应填f rom，而最后一空则又是一个词组do ones best。考前练习小短文要坚持写一些5080字的小短文，要多用自己熟悉的单词、词组和句型，题材要广泛，如写一件事、一个人、一个物品、一封信、一则通知、一则广告或根据图画写话等，要注意拼写正确，无语法错误，表达要达意，可把自己写的短文让老师批改一下，找出自己还存在的问题，进行分析，及时补缺。最后，“看试卷”也是一种有效的复习方法，请考生把近期做过的大小试卷和练习题分门别类整理一下，定下心来认真仔细过一遍，把以前存在的问题弄清，有针对性地进行强化复习。相信通过以上这些办法进行最后复习，考生在中考中一定能考出优秀的成绩一、命题原则 1考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息的能力。这就要求通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词组、短语等方面的语言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和情节，能回答短文后面所给的问题。 2要求学生既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；既理解文章的表层意思，也理解文章的深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之音”。 3要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 4要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能结合自己应有的常识去理解。二、主要题型中考英语“阅读理解”题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。试题中所选的阅读文章题材多样化，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面。体裁多样化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等各种文体。它要求考生阅读理解准确率高、阅读速度快。大致来说，主要针对如下方面： 1文章的个别词或句子；2文章的某细节或情节；3文章的主题；4文章的背景知识；5文章的结论或结局；6文章内涵的隐义或寓意等。主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。 具体来讲主要有以下几种题型： （一）、直接理解性题目 这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。 （二）、语义理解性题目 题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。 （三）、逻辑推理性题目 这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。 （四）、归纳概括性题目 要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章作出归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题（title）、主题（main idea）、结论（conclusion）、结局（end）等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。三、解题注意事项 1忌不带问题。做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。 2忌草率行事。在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是：对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较，在理解理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。 3忌主观印象。少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照文章实际反映的情况来选择答案。 4忌囫囵定案。所谓囫囵定案是指考生在未完全读懂文章时就匆忙定案，结果往往选错答案。因此，尚未读懂的地方如果时间允许的话，一定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂时再定答案。 5忌忽略时间。做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题做完后，再回头来处理。因为做完题后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可能性。总而言之，阅读理解靠的是扎实的语言基础。 俗话说：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练和长期的知识积累。只要平时刻苦用功，打下扎实的英语知识基础，又掌握了较科学的解题方法做“阅读理解”题是不会太难的。 我们学习英语不只是和别人交流，更重要的是，要通过阅读报刊书籍，研读名著，了解风土人情，生活习惯，科学技术的发展与进步等等。读文章必须理解，怎样才能验证初学者是否掌握了所阅读的文章呢？一般有回答根据短文内容所提的问题，有给出题干，留一个空，再给几个答案，让答题的人根据短文内容来确定正确的答案；也有在题干上留一个空，由答题人直接填写所缺的单词（有些难度比较大的题，则将要填写的词的首字母给出）。无论是哪一种题型，要想解这一类题，必须建立在理解文章内容的基础上，否则就是一句空话。读下面的一篇短文，然后根据短文内容，将问题的最佳答案填写在题目前的括号里。 ( 1 ) Sally was a student. It was going to be her mothers birthday. She wanted to buy her a present that would be nice and useful but not expensive.A week before her mothers birthday, she went shopping after a quick and simple lunch. When she had been looking for half an hour, she found a shop that was selling cheep umbrellas（伞）, and decided to take a black one, since her mother had lost hers the month before.She thought, “You could carry that when you are wearing clothes of any color.” So she decided to buy a lovely black umbrella and took it back to school with her until her classes had finished.On her way back home in the train that evening, she felt hungry because she had such a small lunch that she went along to the buffet car（餐车） for another sandwich and cup of coffee. She had left the black umbrella above her seat in the compartment（车厢）, but when she got back, it had gone! When she had left the compartment, there had been no other passengers（乘客） in it, but now there were three.Sally began to cry when she saw that the umbrella was no longer there. The other passengers felt very sorry for her and asked what the matter was. She told them that the black umbrella she had bought for her mother was gone, and that she had to get out at the next station. After the three other passengers heard it, they asked her for her mothers address so that they could sent the umbrella to her if someone had taken it by mistake and brought it back after Sally had got out of the train.The next week, Sally heard from her mother. It said, “Thank you very much for your lovely presents, but why did you send me three black umbrellas?”( ) 1. Which of the following is the best for the sentence “You could carry that when you are wearing clothes of any color?”A.You can carry it when you are wearing any clothes. B.Any color of your clothes will be all right.C.The umbrella will be OK for your clothes in any colors. D.You can take any clothes that you like to wear.( ) 2. What does the story infer（推断）?A.Her mother would write to her if she didnt receive the presents. B.The three umbrella were sent by the girl.C. Only four people had ever been to the compartment. D.Nobody brought the umbrella back.( ) 3. How many umbrellas did Sallys mother get at last?A. No. B. Only one. C. Three. D. Four.( ) 4. The best name of the story is _.A.A Lucky Girl B.The Missing UmbrellaC.A Happy Mother D.Mothers Present( ) 5. What does the writer want to tell us?A.You should take care of your things when you are traveling. B.Show your love to others, and they will bring you love.C.Children should often come back to see their parents. D.Its no use crying when you are in trouble. ( 2 )Are you carrying too much on y0ur back at school? Im sure lots of children of your age will say “yes”. Not only the students in China have this problem, but children in the United States also have heavy school bags. Doctors are starting to worry that younger and younger students are having back and neck problems as a result of school bags being too heavy for them.“Its hard for me to go upstairs with my bag because its so heavy, said Rick Hammond, an 11-year-old student in the US.Rick is among students who have common school bags with two straps (带子) to carry them, but many other students choose rolling （有滚轮的）bags.But even with rolling bags, getting up stairs and buses is still a problem for children. Many of them have hurt their backs and necks because of the heavy school bags.But how much is too much? Doctors say students should carry no more than 10% to 15% of their own body weight.Scott Bautch, a back doctor, said children under Grade 4 should stay with 10%, but it is also important that older children dont stay with over 15%, because their bodies are still growing. “Children are losing their balance and falling down with their school bags,:” he said.Parents and teachers are starting to tell children to only take home library books they will be reading that night. Some teachers are using pieces of paper or thin work gooks for students to take home.One of the best answers is, as some children said, to have no homework at all!1. From the passage we can know that_.A. only children in China carry too heavy school bags B. children in other countries dont carry too heavy bagsC. both children in China and the US carry too heavy school bags D. only children in the US carry too heavy school bags2. Children feel it hard for them to go upstairs because_.A.they are too young B.their school bags are too heavyC.they dont know how to go upstairs D.their parents dont always to upstairs with them together3. If a child carries a heavy school bag,_.A. his back and neck will be hurt B. his head and arms will be hurt C. his hands will be hurt D. his feet will be hurt4. According to the doctor, Scott Bautch, if a child in Grade 5 weighs about30 kilos. The school bag he carries should not be over_ kilos A. 5 B. 3 C.5.5 D. 4.55. Some students think the best answer to this problem is that_.A. they should have a little homework to do after they get homeB. their teachers had better not ask them to do any homeworkC. they should only take home library books they will read that nightD. they should use thin workbooks instead of thick ones ( 3 ) It was very hot in the middle of summer, and there were no trees along the street. Mr. Smith closed his bookshop earlier, went out into the street and began to walk to the bus stop. He was very fat. The sun was shining down the street, and a few minutes later Mr. Smith felt very hot. A small boy came out of another shop in the street and followed Mr. Smith. The boy was walking very near him all the time, and kicked his shoes several times. Mr. Smith turned round and looked at the boy angrily each time. After the third time, Mr. Smith stopped and said to the boy, “ What on earth are you doing? Stop following me like that! You are going to hurt my feet.” “Im sorry, but dont stop me, please!” the small boy said, “Its very hot today, and there isnt any shade anywhere else in the street!” ( )1. It wasnt very hot when the story happened, was it? A. Yes, it was. B. No, it wasnt. C. Yes, it wasnt. ( )2. Mr. Smith earlier than before.A.as going home B. was looking for a small boy C. was going to take a bus( ) 3. A few minutes later, Mr. Smith felt hot because . A. he walked fast B. he was very fat C. he stood in the sun( ) 4. What did Mr. Smith do after the boy kicked his shoes several times? ( 4 )A. He stopped to walk. B. He told the boy to walk in front of him. C. He told the boy to stop walking behind him.( ) 5. The small boy followed Mr. Smith so that .A.the sun wouldnt shine down on him B.he could buy some books in Mr. Smiths shop C.he could cross the road safelyLinda was not satisfied. She had bought a sweater from a chain store and when she had washed it, the color had run and the sweater itself had shrunk, even though she had followed the washing instructions exactly.When she took it back, the salesgirl looked at it suspiciously（怀疑的）.”You must have washed it in boiling water,” she said. Linda told her she had used lukewarm water, just as the label said she should. Since the salesgirl still refused to exchange the sweater ,Linda insisted on seeing the manager. The manager was not helpful, either. He did not want to admit that the sweater was not really washable. Suddenly Linda noticed the shops poster on the wall. It said, ”We give our customers satisfaction.” Linda pointed to it and asked if it really meant it said. The manager looked embarrassed（为难的）.Then he appeared to notice something. The sweater had a flaw（瑕疵）.One of the threads had a different colour from the others. Then he said they would exchange the sweater after all. But he emphasized this was only because of the flaw. Linda stared but could not see the flaw. However, she smiled and said nothing. She had got what she wanted.( )1.The sweater shrank and its colour ran because _.A.Linda had washed it in a wrong way B.its quality isnt goodC.the salesgirl told Linda the wrong way D.the manager cheated Linda( )2.The salesgirl wouldnt exchange the sweater for Linda because _ .A. Linda was not polite B.the manager didnt permit that C.it was Lindas fault D.she didnt trust Linda( )3.At first the manager wouldnt help Linda though _ .A. he knew the truth of the sweater B.he knew there was a flaw C.he watched the buying D.he cheated every customer( )4.At last Linda got a new sweater because _ .A. the manager admitted he was wrong and said sorry B.the salesgirl gave her a new oneC.there was a flaw in the sweater D.Linda argued with them( )5.The poster in the store _ .A.helped Linda B.made the manager angryC.idnt work D.was written by the manager ( 5 )One day a tiger (老虎) caught a fox (狐狸) in the forest(森林). Before the tiger could eat him up, the fox cried out, You cant eat me. Dont you know that Im king (王) of the forest. If you eat me up, all the other animals in the forest will be angry with you. The tiger didnt believe him. How can such a small animal be king of the forest? He asked himself. If you dont believe me, the fox said. then take a walk with me in the forest. You can see for yourself whether (是否) they are afraid of me. The tiger thought it was a good idea, so they stared together. The fox walked in front and the tiger went behind. When the other animals saw the tiger coming, they ran away as fast as they could. See for yourself, Mr Tiger, he called out quickly. All the animals are afraid of me. Yes, yes, the tiger said. You are quite right. He then let the fox go.（ ）1、One day a tiger caught a .Adog Bpig Ccat Dfox（ ）2、The fox walked the tiger.Ain front of Bin the middle of Cbehind Dbeside（ ）3、In fact (事实上) the other animals are afraid of the .Afox Btiger Cdog Delephant（ ）4、When the other animals saw the tiger, they .Awere angry Bwere happy Cran off Dwere sad（ ）5、The tiger didnt eat the fox at last, did he? AYes, he didnt BNo, he did CNo, he didnt DYes, he didkeys : CBADB/AABCA/bbaca/DABCC ( 6 )In a small village, there is a teacher, a doctor, a driver, and a police officer. The four men are good friends. What are their names？One is Tom, one is Jack, one is Mike and one is John. Mikes, Jacks and Toms children are classmates. John has no children. He teaches his friends children at a middle school. Mike works at a police station. He loves his job very much. Jack has a car. He often drives his car to go to work or visit his friends.The doctors house is next to the drivers, so the children often play together.31.Do they all have a child?A. Yes, they do. B. No, they dont.C. Two of them. D. Three of them32.Whats Mike? Hes a _A. doctor B. driver C. teacher D. police officer33.Whats Tom? Hes a _A. doctor B. driver C. teacher D. police officer34. Who can drive?A. Mike B. Tom C. Jack D. John35. Whose house is next to Jacks?A. Mikes B. Toms C. Jacks D. Johns31._B_32._D_33._A_34._C_35._B_ ( 7 ) Once Einstein gave a lecture in many places in America His driver always listened to him and knew the lecture so well that he was sure be could give it himself So Einstein agreed that the driver gave the lecture himAs nobody knew Einstein there, the driver gave the lecture for Einstein that evening At first he was a bit afraid, but Einsteins smile made him feel better He gave a good lecture and the people were quite pleasedThen the driver started to leave and Einstein followed him without a word When they got to the door, a man asked the driver a difficult questionThe driver said that the question was very easy, and told the man to ask his driver behind to answer it根据短文内容填空，每空限填一词。Einstein gave the (1) _ lecture again and again His driver (2) _ to his lecture so many times (3) _ he wanted to give it (4) _ When Einstein knew it, he let the driver (5) _ the lecture for him that night The driver gave a (6) _ lecture and the great scientist was quite pleasedWhen they were (7) _ the lecture room, a man asked the driver a question To show (8) _ easy the question was, the driver asked Einstein who followed him (9) _ to answer it (10) _ of himKEY: 1same 2listened 3that 4himself 5give 6good 7leaving 8how 9quietly(behind) 10instead（ 7 ）The English people like take-away food The most popular food is fish and chipsThey usually go to a fish and chip shopThey put the food in paper bags,