阅读技巧之主旨大意.ppt

阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意型 主旨大意型 我们阅读一篇文章 首先是要了解其大意 明确其主旨 因此 主旨大意题是常考题 一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题 mainidea mainlyabout 目的 purpose 或标题 title 设题 1 主题型的题干形式Themainideaofthepassageis Thepassageismainlyabout Whatisthepassagemainlyabout Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage 2 写作目的型的题干形式Thepassageismeantto Thepurposeofthisarticleisto Theauthorintendsto What sthepurposeofthepassage 3 标题型的题干形式Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage 设题形式 如何做主旨大意题 1 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题 如有标题 标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息 2 找准文章的主题句是关键 主题句定位法 是一种行之有效的方法 3 记叙文通常没有主题句 需根据文章所述内容进行归纳 最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落 切忌以偏概全或离题太远 太笼统 4 无明显主题句时找高频信息词 主题句定位法 主题句在段首 主题句在段末 首尾呼应 主题句在短文中间 1 主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头 其后是论证性细节 在说明文 论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式 作者在首段常常亮出观点 表明立场 大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句所以要认真阅读段落首句 典题范析 1 LungcanceristheworstcancerkillerinAmerica About160 440Americansdieeachyearfromit Morethan87percentoflungcancersaresmokingrelated accordingtotheLungCancerOrganization Themainideaofthepassageis A LungcanceristheNo 1cancerkillerB SmokingisabadhabitC LCOadvisespeopletostopsmokingD WhydidpeopledieofLungcancer A 论证性细节 2 Zinc 锌 isoneofabout20elementsnecessaryforgoodhealth Itispresentinthebodyinaverysmallamountbutmakesitpossibleforimportantchemicalactionstobecarriedoutincells Scientistsarejustbeginningtodiscoverhowzincandotherelementswork Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe A ANewDiscoveryB ZincandHealthC HowZincWorksD AddZinctoYourFood B 论证性细节 2 主题句在段末有的主题句放到文章的末尾 先摆出事实依据 层层推理论证 将主题引向高潮 起到总结作用 从而形成强有力的结论 这就要求考生耐心地读完全文 典题范析 1 Infact whenwesaythatallofusmustbeeducatedtofitusforlife itmeansthatwemustbeeducatedinsuchawaythat firstly eachofuscandowhateverworksuitedtohisbrainsandability andsecondly thatwecanrealizethatalljobsarenecessarytosociety andthatisverybadtobeashamedofone swork Onlysuchatypeofeducationcanbeconsideredvaluabletosociety Thepassagetellsusabout oftheeducation A themeansB thesystemC thevalueD thetype C 层层推理论证 2 Weatherchangeswhenthetemperatureandtheamountofwaterintheatmospherechange Wecanseeandfeelwatercomingfromtheatmospherewhenwehaverain Butthewatermustsomehowgetbacktotheatmosphere Meteorologistscallthisthewatercycle Whatisthemainideaofthepassage A Watercycle B Watervapour C Howrainforms D Water vapour rain A 层层推理论证 3 首尾呼应为突出主题 作者先提出主题 结尾时再次点出主题 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见 通常 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味 典题范析 2013年高考 Imaginationandfantasycanplayanimportantroleinachievingthethingswefear Childrenknowthisverywell FredEpstein inhisbookIfIMakeIttoFive tellsastoryheheardfromoneoffriendsaboutTom afour year oldboywithacancerinhisbackbone Hecamethroughseveraloperationsandalotofpainbymasteringhisimagination Itdoesn tmeanthatyoushoulddressasasuperheroforyounextjobinterview But nexttimeyouaretestedinawaythatseemsimpossible imaginewhatitwouldtaketoovercomeit Becomethepersonyouneedtobecometowinoveryourchallengeanddoitinyourmindfirst So letyourimaginationrunwild anddaretodream Whatisthepurposeofthepassage A Totellusaninterestingstory B Tohelpusmakerightdecisions C Toadviseustocareaboutchildren D Toencourageustouseourimagination D 4 主题句在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时 通常前面只提出问题 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 而后又作进一步的解释 支撑或发展 典题范析 Inaworldwithlimitedland waterandothernaturalresources theharmfromthetraditionalbusinessmodelisontherise Actually thepastdecadehasseenmoreandmoreforestsdisappearingandglobebecomingincreasinglywarm Peoplenowrealizethatthisunhealthysituationmustbechanged andthatwemustbeabletodevelopinsustainable 可持续的 ways Thatmeansgrowthwithlowcarbonordevelopmentofsustainableproducts Inotherwords weshouldkeeptheearthhealthywhileusingitssupplyofnaturalresources Today sustainabledevelopmentisapropertrendinmanycountries Inrecentyearsthemarketsforsustainableproductshavegrownbymorethan50 提出问题或现象 作进一步的解释 支撑或发展 继续陈述细节或引申 Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage A Tointroduceanewbusinessmodel B Tocomparetwobusinessmodels C Topredictachangeoftheglobalmarket D Toadvocatesustainabledevelopment D 3 有的文章的中心思想隐含在文中 尤其是记叙文 让读者很难发现 这种情况难度较大 考生要通观全文 分清主旨细节 进行归纳推理 最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落 切忌以偏概全或离题太远 太笼统 解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点 态度 语气等 分析文章的篇章结构 抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论 捕捉与题目有关的信息 从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想 典题范析 Atthirteen Iwasdiagnosed 诊断 withakindofattentiondisorder Itmadeschooldifficultforme Wheneveryoneelseintheclasswasfocusingontasks Icouldnot Inmyfirstliteratureclass Mrs Smithaskedustoreadastoryandthenwriteonit allwithin45minutes Iraisedmyhandrightawayandsaid Mrs Smith yousee thedoctorsaidIhaveattentionproblems Imightnotbeabletodoit Sheglanceddownatmethroughherglasses Youarenodifferentfromyourclassmates youngman Itried butIdidn tfinishthereadingwhenthebellrang Ihadtotakeithome Inthequietnessofmybedroom thestorysuddenlyallbecamecleartome Itwasaboutablindperson Louis 本文主要讲述作者有注意力紊乱 不想努力 在老师的激励下 克服困难的故事 Braille Helivedinatimewhentheblindcouldn tgetmucheducation ButLouisdidn tgiveup Instead heinventedareadingsystemofraiseddots 点 whichopenedupawholenewworldofknowledgetotheblind Wasn tIthe blind inmyclass beingmadetolearnlikethe sighted students Mythoughtsspilledoutandmypenstartedtodance Icompletedthetaskwithin40minutes Indeed Iwasnodifferentfromothers Ijustneededaquieterplace IfLouiscouldfindhiswayoutofhisproblems whyshouldIevergiveup Ididn texpectanythingwhenIhandedinmypapertoMrs Smith soitwasquiteasurprisewhenitcamebacktomethenextday withan A onit Atthebottomofthepaperwerethesewords Seewhatyoucandowhenyoukeeptrying Whatisthemainideaofthepassage A Thedisabledshouldbetreatedwithrespect B Ateachercanopenupanewworldtostudents C Onecanfindhiswayoutofdifficultieswithefforts D Everyoneneedsahandwhenfacedwithchallenges C 某个具体事实或细节 片面推出的错误结论 非文章事实的主观臆断 干扰项 4 无明显主题句时找高频信息词任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的 因此 有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 抓住了它 便容易抓住文章的中心 典题范析 Sometimesyou llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan tloveothersuntilyouloveyourself Sometimesyou llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan texpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself Eitherway you vegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky Sureweallknowthatwe retheappleofourparents eyes andthatourGrandmasthinkwe regreattalentsandourUncleRobertsthinkthatwewillgototheOlympics butsometimesit salothardertothinksuchnicethoughtsaboutourselves Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge itistimeyoubuildapositiveselfimageandlearntoloveyourself Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveselfimageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses Thatis makealistifyouneedto butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday Don tallowdoubtstooccurinit Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeself imageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities Changingthewayyouthinkandworkingonthoseyouneedtoimprovewillgoalongwaytowardspromotingapositiveself image Whenyoucanpat 拍 yourselfontheback you llknowyou rewellonyourway Goodluck C Whatisthepassagemainlyabout A Howtoprepareforyoursuccess B Howtofacechallengesinyourlife C Howtobuildapositiveself image D Howtodevelopyourgoodqualities 主题句在段首 Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious Theworldpopulationisrising soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals Themainideaoftheparagraphis 主题句在文中 Somepeoplelikereading andsomepeoplelikeswimming Ihavemanyhobbies suchasreading skating andtraveling Infact differentpeoplehavedifferenthobbies MyfriendAnnstudiesveryhard Soherhobbyisreadingallkindsofbooks Tonylovesworkingwithherhands andhishobbyisgardening Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout 主题句首尾呼应 Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems Forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough Finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful Isitworthit Whatisthemainidea A Smokingcancausecancer B SmokingisaterriblekillerC Smokingisharmfultoourhealth D Anexperimentonsmoking C Smokingisharmfultoourhealth 根据高频词概括 无明显主题句Everyonecanexperienceangersometimes Butnoteveryonecancontrolitproperly Tosomepeople controllingangerseemslikethehardestthingintheworldtodo Controlthesebytalkingtoyourselfinyourownmind whenyouexperienceunwantedfeeling Bytalkingitoverinyourownheadyoucanworkouthowyouwillbestdealwiththesituation Angercontrolcanalsobeachievedbycommunicatingwithotherswithhonesty Youcaneffectivelytrainyourselftorespondtosituationswithoutgettingannoyedaboutthings Itisimportanttorememberitispossibleforeveryonetogetangryandtherefore controllingitistherealchallenge Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage A Noteveryonecancontrolanger B Howtocontrolanger C Communicatingwithothersishelpful D Controllingangerischallenging B Howtocontrolanger 根据各段主题句概括 Mother sDaywascoming amanstoppedataflowershoptoordersomeflowerstobewired 电邮给 tohismotherwho