托福听力lecture的结构.doc

托福听力lecture的结构1. Lecture有结构托福听力的lecture基本上都是总分总的结构，即引入话题展开讨论教授总结，下面分点论述：1）引入话题其实托福听力lecture里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样，有的喜欢直入主题，有的喜欢拉七杂八。总的说来，lecture话题的引入方式有三种： 开门见山：啥也不扯，一言不合就开车，比如TPO1 Lecture2：Ok, lets get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is dating techniques. 课程回顾：回顾上堂课的内容，然后再切入本堂课的内容；一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。比如TPO5 Lecture2：Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, umnot the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moons age. 啰哩吧嗦：有的教授实在是特别啰嗦，比如TPO2 Lecture2：Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due.【来的人多不好么，说明你受欢迎啊】 Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today【啊，要放榜啦？】, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one oclock in the morning【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊？】. Anyway, Ill do my best to have them finished by the next time we meet【开始上课吧，please】. OK. In the last class, we started talking about.【终于开始了】不论是用哪一种引入方式，话题总是要出来的。一般都有一个核心的话题词，这个词后面一般有一个定义或者解释。比如TPO5 Lecture3：.But, lets talk about Spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basics. What is Spectroscopy? Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light. 这个topic+definition/explanation一定要听懂，最好还能在笔记上记下关键词。（当然，也有话题词不那么明显的，这样的lecture的结构就稍微难以整理一点。）在这个topic+definition/explanation之后，一般有一句话总起下面的展开讨论的内容。比如TPO33 Lecture1：The great pyramid of Giza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world. We know exactly when it was built: construction started in 2547 B.C.E., about four thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had it built: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know who oversaw its construction: the Pharaohs brother. We know so many things about it, but the funny thing is, we still dont know exactly how it was built. This picture will give you an idea of the size of the pyramid and the size of blocks its made up of. About two million stone blocks were used to build the great pyramid, and theyre incredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit into place and without the benefit of modern technology. Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries. 其实这就是常见的总起句式several theoriesa few problemsscientists have proposed several explanations，下面的展开讨论部分就是具体展开这些theories、problems或explanations。小结一下：Lecture的第一个部分包括：引入+话题+定义/解释+总起。2）展开讨论展开讨论当然紧接着上面的总起，结构往往比较清晰。比如TPO33 Lecture1在总起Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries之后就逐个展开这些theories。这些theories都是解释上面的话题，先提出theory1，讲清楚后再讲theory1的问题；因为theory1有问题，自然就转入了theory2，再以此类推讲theory3、theory4一般也就是三个或四个theory，再多就太长了。 The oldest recorded one 【theory1】 is by the Greek historian Herodotus.Well, so much for that theory. The next one【theory2】has to do with the use of a ramp.【theory2的问题】OK, so what now? Well, if youd ever driven on a mountain road.So why not wrap the ramp around the pyramid【theory3】. Well, if youve got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the pyramid, those corners would be buried by that ramp during construction【theory3的问题】. Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid? And now we get to the latest idea【theory4】: if the ramp were on the inside of the pyramid. 其实这种就是托福听力lecture的第一种，即总分总的多个分点之间是并列的关系，比较常见的是problem+solution1、solution2、solution3或者puzzle+explanation1、explanation2、explanation3。不论是一个问题+多个解决方案，还是一个疑难+多种解释，不论具体的用词是用solution、explanation还是theory，总体结构都是类似的。这些结构大多适用于理工科的话题，逻辑比较清晰，转进的逻辑连接词也很明确，占据托福听力lecture的大多数。另外一种就是总分总的多个分点之间是直线型的时间关系，多适用于文科的内容。比如讲到某个作家的生平，一般都是早年青年中年晚年，再比如讲到某种乐器的进化史，一般都是起源19世纪20世纪21世纪之类的。比如TPO30 Lecture4：话题引入之后总起But really the instrument electric guitar we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. 然后就分阶段讲述guitar的发展史： The first guitars were wooden. the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States.in the late 1890s. Anyway, by the 1920s. Electrified guitars. around 1940.很显然，这种直线型结构的关键在于听懂记下这些时间标记。小结一下：展开论述都跟着前面的总起，展开论述本身又包括problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分点型（理科话题）和直线时间递进型（文科话题）。3）教授总结主体部分结束之后，教授一般都要对前面讲到的solution123、explanation123或者某作家的生平进行一番总结。直线时间递进型（文科话题）的总结没有明显规律，可能讲讲某作家的生平很励志，鼓励同学们努力，比如TPO1 Lecture1：No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But whats important is that you keep at it that you dont give up. Thats what is really important to remember.而problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分点型（理科话题）的总结部分则规律明显，有两者情况： 教授赞同最后一个solution/explanation/theory：还记得前面theory的转进方式么？如果theory1就是对的，那就不会有theory234了。 教授表示not sure：比如TPO1 Lecture3：And hopefully, further excavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues. 再比如TPO32 Lecture1： Clearly, more research needs to be done. Perhaps by some new scholars from this university? At least give it some thought.2. 结构有用上面的结构对应了托福听力lecture的题目，而且还比较精准： 引入话题 引入 话题+定义/解释Question1： What is the lecture mainly about? 总起 分点1 Question2 分点2 Question3 分点3 Question4 总结 Question5上面5题+重听题，一共6题。这种结构与出题的对应关系当然是最理想的情况，但是从我做TPO的经验来看，还真是大同小异。而且从托福听力的结构还能推导出一些做题方法，试论两个：1）跨区排除如果我们在听力的时候能够把听力笔记区分不