GRE高频作文分析与提纲.doc

GRE高频作文分析与提纲：Issue144信息来源：互联网作者：转载发布时间：2009-09-16 00:00:00144“It is the artist， not the critic， who gives society something of lasting value.“ a person who evaluates works of art144“It is the artist， not the critic， who gives society something of lasting value.“ a person who evaluates works of art， such as novels， films， music， paintings， etc. 关于艺术的，一直都是大家最头疼的，因为平时很少深入地了解和思考，而对于critics知道的更少，下面是我对的剖析，我也不是学艺术的，就是把我所能想到的方面列了出来，希望可以抛砖引玉，引发思考和讨论。 Critics所创造的物质价值的功能： 一方面，物质上的价值，使艺术家感到自己被认可被赏识，就会努力创作更多好作品 另一方面，艺术家有了资金，可以更好地进行独立创作，不必依赖于任何government 或组织的资助。Subsidy会带来control和censorship， 破坏艺术的innovation和freedom， 例如前苏联曾经对艺术家创作上的限制和监视。 critics是否能够公正的评价的作品： 一、critics鉴赏过很多作品，受过专门的训练，具备基本的艺术鉴赏知识和修养。 二、立场：critics应该是独立的，如果critics跟或者出版社利益关系或其他关系就可能会导致评价的不公正。试想艺术家和评论家关系密切，相互利用，那么critique还可信吗？推荐文章：Walking in the line Critics负面影响： 一、critics may biased， 因为任何评判都会掺杂主观因素，信息不对称也会影响到客观性。Critics可能会埋没有价值的作品，打击artist. 二、Artist虽然摆脱了government的控制，很可能又陷入critics的摆布中， artist 还是无法自由创作。 三、Critics可能迎合大众的审美观，他可以指选择那些符合大众口味的作品，这就像优胜劣汰，只不过，被淘汰掉得很可能是不符合大众口味的有价值的作品，留下来的倒是些庸俗的东西。这一效应会导致艺术走下坡路。 Critics的现状： James Elkins is flummoxed by the state of art criticism. On the one hand， it appears to be flourishing： its ubiquitous， its everywhere. On the other hand， no one cares： its not that widely read， and it doesnt figure in the intellectualdebates of the day. Art criticism has little influence， and， apparently is considered to have little lasting value： with few exceptions， art magazines and gallery catalogues “are considered ephemeral by libraries and databases， and therefore not collected or indexed.“ Scholars dont refer much to it， and theres too much for readers to possibly handle. 大多数人的思路是写艺术家创造了价值，评论家发现了价值，然后堆砌例子，当然，这样得思路并不错，但是有些老套，例子再多也没有深度。好文章最重要的是有自己独到的见解和分析，从众多的现象当中发现问题和规律，并归纳出来，演绎出去。只是罗列例子，难道让读者自己发现规律吗？这些例子早就存在了，不用你再说一遍，关键是你要展示给读者你的东西，你的见解。同样都是写艺术家和评论家，可以在不同的角度写这两个不同群体的价值和影响，他们之间的关系。你也可以有些自己独创的东西，就像我在前面说的物质价值和艺术价值，这并不是什么专业术语，只是我个人的一个划分标准和评判角度。我想大多数的作文，现在缺少的不仅是逻辑分析能力，还有创新能力。GRE考试：issue43提纲加入收藏【大 中 小】 2010-9-9 issue 43 提纲： 43. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 22一位政府官员要想成为一位有效力的领导者，就必须保持最高的伦理和道德修养。很难准确的衡量伦理和道德修的高和低，因此To claim the：1、 商业领域：成功的领导才能和能力是最重要的，商业领域人们普遍认为具备高能力和素质的领导就是具备高的伦理和道德修养的人了，企业的领导也要承担一定的责任，吃了在法律范围以内进行贸易 (pursuit their trade within the bound of the laws.)2、 政治领域：人们对于政府的领导人则要苛刻得多，普遍的观点认为领导人必须同时具备道德和伦理修养才能够胜任国家的领导者的职位。尽管领导人不一定都具备最高的伦理和道德修养，比如Stalin或者Hitler，但他们都能够很好的应和公众对于道德和伦理的要求，并让当时的大多数人为他们具备到层次的道德和伦理要求。3、 社会或者精神领域 (social and spiritual field)：毫无疑问的具备高的伦理和道德修养。Gandhi和Martin Luther Kingissue43提纲作业题目不再重复提纲：1：charisma是leadership的最重要因素。它到底有什么属性是个很难回答的问题。由于时代和种族习俗的不同，人们对charisma的要求也不同。然而。对charisma的不同定义之间是有共通之处的。那就是maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.2：在根本地改革社会的时代里，领导者应该响应群众对新社会的期盼。例：Thomas Jefferson:That all men are created equal.That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,amony these are life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.响应了群众废除英国殖民统治的愿望；Martin Luther King Jr.响应了African Americans anti-segregation and anti-discrimination的心理。Gandhi响应了印度人民争取民族独立的愿望。无数的例子都证实了3：同时，领导者必须meet the ethical and moral standards才能被群众接受并尊敬。宗教领袖，live an ascetic,prudent life而被后世admire。如The sakyamuni of Buddism.Again Gandhi。有的社会需要其它类型的英雄领袖。Napoleon,an adventurer from the Corsica Island,入侵the nobility of Paris and then征服全欧洲。虽然brazenness.虽然给受害国人民带来苦难。他的事迹却被当时18th-19th century的法国bourgeois称为romantic,challenging和desirable.4:在社会稳定时，领导者需要迎合群众对保持和平和繁荣社会的心理要求。Bill Clinton即使在他的clandestine love affair被曝光后，依然被支持。主要得益于他在处理经济萧条时的remarkable behavior.In contrast,Vietnam War的错误发动及惨痛代价也表明A leader should not tease a country calling for peace into waging a war.5:当然，领导者的独特魅力是由他们各自独有的特征决定的，这些独有特征补充了领导者的魅力。Lincolns stovepipe hat became the Norths flag in the civil War. F.D Roosevelts wheelchair ameliorated the great Depression and the smoke from his pipe galvanized the American in WW2.这些都成了他们独有的象征，使人们更容易记住他们。6：In sum提纲2： 1：尽管highest ethical and moral standards对一个public official变成一个effective leader起了应有的作用，可前者并不是后者的必要条件，而存在着别的一些更重要的条件，比如capability of the official，和interrelationship with the subordinates。 2：TS1：官员的能力是最本质地决定着工作是否effective的因素。如clinton. 3:TS2: 除了官员的能力，一个effective所必需的就是能处理好与下属的关系 4:TS3：尽管不是最重要的，伦理道德标准对于一个effective的leader也是重要的 5: IN SUM.提纲3：首先应该对领导者进行定义，作为公共机构，不论是政府，公司，还是学术机构，他们的职责是代表其他机构成员，按照机构的章程，完成他们的职务按理说，衡量他们是否杰出，应该只考虑他们的政绩，但是，由于公共机构在社会的不同地位，他们还要担负起工作以外的职责，公众的领导应该注意其公众的形象，对于不同的部门，他们都应该在公众中树立一个公认的良好形象，特别是政府单位，政府部门的领导应该树立廉洁，公正，正直等等形象，学术部门的领导应该树立勤奋，谦虚等形象，商业部门的领导应该树立起竞争向上等形象这些都是高尚的道德情操的一部分，当然人无完人，但是这些公众的领导必须在总体上符合道德标准的大部分要求政绩是一部分，但是公众的影响应该被放在首位，那些工作能力强的但是有些须缺陷的人可以作为领导的助手提纲：观点：采取完全赞同的观点正文段：什么是杰出的领导，什么是高尚的道德，首先在这里介绍解释，这算是总述将杰出的领导和高尚的道德之间的关系说明等于是进一步发展开头段提出的观点正文段：具体分述：首先是因为由于有了高尚的道德做指导，才能帮助他们在许多重要或者关键时刻做出明智的决定要学做事，先学做人正文段：其次是由于他们的社会特殊性，作为公众任务来说，必须成为别人的参照的榜样正文段：对于工作能力强的但是在道德等方面还有不足的，我们一方面是磨练他，另一方面也可以把他们放到助手的位置帮助领导同时，作为公众领导也应该提高他们的执政能力结论：总结公共机构的杰出领导必须是将其优秀的工作能力建立在高尚的道德标准之上issue练习147(2008-01-19 02:30:26)147 Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. 05/32; 06/7传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。1.不同意。立场：传统和现代化相辅相成，密不可分.当然也存在一些例外情况2.分析传统和现代化的定义，分析可能产生矛盾的原因及相关背景。提出传统和现代化的矛盾根源于民族文化和全球一体化的矛盾3.传统和现代化各有优点，并不是水火不容，可以从两个方面阐述3.1传统文化和现代化都很重要。保持传统文化的必要性，“只有民族的才是世界的”3.2传统和现代化彼此相互作用。艺术方面，电子图书馆4.总结。As the development of modernization and globalization, there comes heated discussion about the conflicts of tradition and modernization. Some people in favor of modernization argue that traditions are out of fashion which should be taken place by the modernization, while their counterparts consist that we should well protect and preserve our traditions. Moreover the speaker makes an assertion that tradition and modernization are totally conflicted. Nevertheless, in my point of view, tradition and modernization can coexist well and develop in a compatible way in certain condition in spite of their conflicts.First of all, lets take a look at the definition of traditions and modernization. Generally speaking traditions are usually referred to those activities and thoughts that remain and last for along time as part of culture of a nation or country, which may include costumes, rituals, art and some sort of religion belief, while modernizations can betaken as a whole which is brought by sophisticated technology today, such as Internet, airplane, computer, fashion shows, tall modern buildings and so on. Take the reconstruction of a city for instance. The conflict occurs when it comes to whether to preserve the old temples or to build new modern building on the ground instead. In my opinion the conflicts of modernization and tradition are mainly stemmed from the very fact that the tradition as apart of national culture are stable as a treasure, while modernization is always changing and affected by globalization. In short, it is the conflict of national culture and globalization. I think that is where the rub is.On the other hand, there are two arguments against the assertion made by the speaker. The first is has to do with the importance of both tradition and modernization. For one thing, the necessity of modernization is obvious for the convenience and comfort that it brings. For another, however, the importance of tradition is more implicit. There are many nations around the world each of which possesses its own feature about the language, costume, living habit and art. It is the feature that identifies the nation away from others. There is a good saying by the famous writer Lu Xun : the more national, the more global. In another word it means the more we treasure our traditional culture, the more acknowledgement we will receive from all over the world. The saying is usually used to point out that how important national tradition is.The second has to do with the well coexistence of tradition and modernization. Tradition and modernization can interact with each other and have a good result in many fields. Take the art area for example. Undoubtedly both the arts in tradition and modernization have lots in common. Many existing wonderful ideas are potential to be the enhancements of modernization art, and that is why there is a group of modern artists who made tremendous achievements by exploring the tradition art of their nation. Another compelling example to the co-existence of tradition and modernization is the modern digital library. There are countless relics, old recording of nations and other traditional information are well preserved and protected by the modern digital library, thanks to which the national traditionwill be known to more people and be safely handed down.In summary, after careful discussion above, I can draw firmly conclusion that it is arbitrary to make assertion that tradition and modernization are incompatible, just according to ostensible conflicts of the two. In the final analysis, tradition and modernization can coexist well and work in a compatible way if we can make good use of them.issue提纲练习31,43,56(2008-01-20 00:05:58)31. Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial. 05/18; 06/6花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。（现实和理想）1. I fundamentally agree with the speaker that xxxx, with the consideration of opportunity cost of research.2 Research, especially on the science fields is hard to predict. The true value of research lies in its various possibilities3. The consideration of opportunity cost of research is very important . Examples of铱星计划4. conclusion.: a carefully planned research is deserves investment.43 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 05/36; 06/4一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。1. I strongly agree with the speakers claim that the quality of highly ethical and moral standards is a must for a public official as an effective leader, who can handles well official affairs as well as personal affairs.2.1 primary arguments：In the aspects of officials affairs, the a public official, who will confronts many challenges and lure, is supposed to not only be qualified in expertise and skills, but possess high qualities in ethical and moral standards as well2.2 Another arguments：The reputation of public official